Biomechanics : mechanical properties of living tissues
"Biomechanics" presents a general outline of the discipline, with applications to bioengineering, physiology, medicine and surgery. The second edition reflects the broad advances that have been made in this field during the past decade, and adds numerous new topics. References have been brought up to date, and emphasis on formulating and solving problems has been strengthened with numerous new problems. The book begins with a unique historical introduction to the field of biomechanics, followed by a chapter which relates the definitions and vocabulary of applied mechanics to biological tissues. These tools are then used to treat in detail the mechanical properties of blood, including blood cells and vessels. The remaining chapters discuss the viscoelastic properties of biological fluids and solids, as well as the mechanics of muscle, bone and connective tissue
xviii, 568 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
9780387979472, 9783540979470, 0387979476, 3540979476
26767762
Chapter 1: Introduction : A sketch of the history and scope of the field
1.1 What is biomechanics?
1.2 Historical background
1.3 What's in a name?
1.4 Mechanics in physiology
1.5 What contributions has biomechanics made to health science?
1.6 Our method of approach
1.7 Tools of investigation
1.8 What contributions has biomechanics made to mechanics?
1.9 On the law of Laplace
Problems
References
Chapter 2: The meaning of the constitutive equation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Stress
2.3 Strain
2.4 Strain rate
2.5 Constitutive equations
2.6 The nonviscous fluid
2.7 The Newtonian viscous fluid
2.8 The Hookean elastic solid
2.9 The effect of temperature
2.10 Materials with more complex mechanical behavior
2.11 Viscoelasticity
2.12 Response of a viscoelastic body to harmonic excitation
2.13 Use of viscoelastic models
2.14 Methods of testing
2.15 Mathematical development of constitutive equations
Problems
References
Chapter 3: The flow properties of blood
3.1 Blood rheology : an outline
3.2 The constitutive equation of blood based on viscometric data and Casson's equation
3.3 Laminar flow of blood in a tube
3.4 Speculation on why blood viscosity is the way it is
3.5 Fluid-mechanical interaction of red blood cells with a solid wall
3.6 Thrombus formation and dissolution
3.7 Medical applications of blood rheology
Problems
References
Chapter 4: Mechanics of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and other cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Human red cell dimensions and shape
4.3 The extreme-value distribution
4.4 The deformability of red blood cells (RBC)
4.5 Theoretical considerations of the elasticity of red cells
4.6 Cell membrane experiments
4.7 Elasticity of the red cell deformability on turbulence in blood flow
4.10 Passive deformation of leukocytes
4.11 Cell adhesion : multipipets experiments
4.12 Topics of cell mechanics
Problems
References to erythrocytes
References to leukocytes and other cells. Chapter 5: Interaction of red cells with vessel wall, and wall shear with endothelium
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Apparent viscosity and relative viscosity
5.3 Effect of size of the blood vessel on the apparent viscosity of blood : The Fahreaus-Lindqvist effect
5.4 The distribution of suspened particles in fairly narrow rigid tubes
5.5 The motion of red cells in tightly fitting tubes
5.6 Inversion of the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect in very narrow tubes
5.7 Hematocrit in very narrow tubes
5.8 Theoretical investigations
5.9 The vascular endothelium
5.10 Blood shear load acting on the endothelium
5.11 Tension field in endothelial cell membranes under the fluid interior hypothesis
5.12 The shape of endothelial cell nucleus under the fluid interior hypothesis
5.13 Transmission of the tension in the upper endothelial cell membrane to the basal lamina through the sidewalls
5.14 The hypothesis of a solid-like cell content
5.15 The effect of turbulent flow on cell stress
Problems
References to blood cells in microcirculation
References to endothelial cells
Chapter 6: Bioviscoelastic fluids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods of testing and data presentation
6.3 Protoplasm
6.4 Mucus from the respiratory tract
6.5 Saliva
6.6 Cervical mucus and semen
6.7 Synovial fluid
Problems
References
Chapter 7 : Bioviscoelastic solids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some elastic materials. 7.3 Collagen
7.4 Thermodynamics of elastic deformation
7.5 Behavior of soft tissues under uniaxial loading
7.6 Quasi-linear viscoelasticity of soft tissues
7.7 Incremental laws
7.8 The concept of pseudo-elasticity
7.9 Biaxial loading experiments on soft tissues
7.10 Description of three-dimensional stress and strain states
7.11 Strain-energy function
7.12 An example : the constitutive equation of skin
7.13 Generalized viscoelastic relations
7.14 The complementary energy function : inversion of the stress-strain relationship
7.15 Constitutive equation derived according to microstructure
Problems
References
Chapter 8: Mechanical properties and active remodeling of blood vessels
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structure and composition of blood vessels
8.3 Arterial wall as a membrane : behavior under uniaxial loading
8.4 Arterial wall as a membrane : biaxial loading and torsion experiments
8.5 Arterial wall as a membrane : dynamic modulus of elasticity from flexural wave propagation measurements
8.6 Mathematical representation of the Pseudo-elastic stress-strain relationship
8.7 Blood vessel wall as a three-dimensional body : the zero stress state
8.8 Blood vessel wall as a three-dimensional body : stress and strain, and mechanical properties of the intima, media, and adventitia layers
8.9 Arterioles. mean stress-mean diameter relationship
8.10 Capillary blood vessels
8.11 Veins
8.12 Effect of stress on tissue growth
8.13 Morphological and structural remodeling of blood vessels due to change of blood pressure
8.14 Remodeling the zero stress state of a blood vessel
8.15 Remodeling of mechanical properties
8.16 A unified interpretation of the morphological, structural, zero stress state, and mechanical properties remodeling
Problems
References. Chapter 9: Skeletal muscle
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The functional arrangement of muscles
9.3 The structure of skeletal muscle
9.4 The sliding element theory of muscle action
9.5 Single twitch and wave summation
9.6 Contraction of skeletal muscle bundles
9.7 Hill's equation for tetanized muscle
9.8 Hill's three-element model
9.9 Hypotheses of cross-bridge theory
9.10 Evidences in support of the cross-bridge hypotheses
9.11 Mathematical development of the cross-bridge theory
9.12 Constitutive equation of the muscle as a three-dimensional continuum
9.13 Partial activation
Problems
References
Chapter 10: Heart muscle
10.1 Introduction : the difference between myocardial and skeletal muscle cells
10.2 Use of the papillary of trabecular muscles as testing specimens
10.3 Use of the whole ventricle to determine material properties of the heart muscle
10.4 Properties of unstimulated heart muscle
10.5 Force, length, velocity of shortening, and calcium concentration relationship for the cardiac muscle
10.6 The behavior of active myocardium according to Hill's equation and its modification
10.7 Pinto's method
10.8 Micromechanical derivation of the constitutive law for the passive myocardium
10.9 Other topics
Problems
References
Chapter 11: Smooth muscles
11.1 Types of smooth muscles
11.2 The contractile machinery
11.3 Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
11.4 The property of a resting smooth muscle : ureter. 11.5 Active contraction of ureteral segments
11.6 Resting smooth muscle : taenia coli
11.7 Other smooth muscle organs
Problems
References
Chapter 12: Bone and cartilage
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bone as a living organ
12.3 Blood circulation in bone
12.5 Viscoelastic properties of bone
12.6 Functional adaptation of bone
12.7 Cartilage
12.8 Viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage
12.9 The lubrication quality of articular cartilage surfaces
12.10 Constitutive equations of cartilage according to a triphasic theory
12.11 Tendons and ligaments
Problems
References