Modern Atomic And Nuclear Physics (Revised Edition)

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Intro; CONTENTS; Preface; Introduction; 1 Theory of Relativity; 1.1 Special Relativity; 1.2 General Relativity; Appendix lA: Four-Vector Notation; Problems; 2 The Configuration of the Atom: Ruthedord's Model; 2.1 The Background; 2.1.1 The Discovery of the Electron; 2.1.2 The Charge and Mass of the Electron; 2.1.3 Avogadro's Constant; 2.1.4 The Size of Atoms; 2.2 The Emergence of the Rutherford Model; 2.3 Rutherford Scattering Formula; 2.3.1 The Derivation of the Coulomb Scattering Formula; 2.3.2 The Derivation of Rutherford's Formula 2.4 The Experimental Verification of the Rutherford Formula2.4.1 Geiger-Marsden Experiment; 2.4.2 Rutherford Formula for Small Angles; 2.4.3 The Estimation of the Nuclear Size; 2.4.4 Rutherford Formula at = 180; 2.5 Summary of the Significances and Difficulties of a Nuclear Model; 2.5.1 The Significances; 2.5.2 The Difficulties; 2.5.3 Quantifying a Difficulty with Rutherford's Model; Appendix 2A: Central Forces; Appendix 2B: Electric Units; Appendix 2C: The Derivation of Rutherford's Formula in the Laboratory System; Problems; 3 Quantum States of Atoms: The Bohr Model; 3.1 Background 3.1.1 Evidence of the Quantum Hypothesis I: Blackbody Radiation3.1.2 Evidence of the Quantum Hypothesis II: Photoelectric Effect; 3.1.3 Spectrum of Light; 3.2 The Bohr Model; 3.2.1 Classical Orbits with Stationary State Conditions; 3.2.2 Frequency Condition; 3.2.3 Quantization of Angular Momentum; 3.2.4 Numerical Calculational Methods; 3.3 Experimental Evidence I: Spectra; 3.3.1 Spectrum of Hydrogen; 3.3.2 Spectra of Hydrogenlike Ions; 3.3.3 The Existence of Deuterium; 3.3.4 Note I: Nonquantized Orbits; 3.3.5 Note II: Rydberg Atoms; 3.4 Experimental Evidence II: Franck-Hertz Experiment 3.4.1 Basic Idea3.4.2 Franck-Hertz Experiment; 3.4.3 Improved Franck-Hertz Experiment; 3.4.4 Concluding Remarks; 3.5 Extension: Bohr-Sommerfeld Model; 3.5.1 Extension of Quantization; 3.5.2 Elliptical Orbits; 3.5.3 Relativistic Corrections; 3.5.4 Comparison with Experiments; 3.6 Summary; Problems; 4 Fine Structure in Atomic Spectra: Electron Spin; 4.1 Magnetic Moment Produced by the Electron Orbital Motion in an Atom; 4.1.1 Classical Expression; 4.1.2 The Quantization Condition; 4.2 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment; 4.3 The Hypothesis of Electron Spin; 4.3.1 The Hypothesis of Electron Spin 4.3.2 Lande g-Factor4.3.3 Expression of the g-Factor for a Single Electron; 4.3.4 Interpretation of the Stern-Gerlach Experiment; 4.4 Doublet Lines of Alkali Metals; 4.4.1 Fine Structure in the Spectral Lines of Alkali Metals: Qualitative Considerations; 4.4.2 Spin-Orbit Interaction: Quantitative Consideration of Fine Structure; 4.4.3 Note: Estimation of the Internal Magnetic Field of an Atom; 4.5 The Zeeman Effect; 4.5.1 The Normal Zeeman Effect; 4.5.2 The Polarization Character of the Zeeman Spectrum; 4.5.3 The Anomalous Zeeman Effect; 4.5.4 Supplementary Note 1: Grotrian Diagrams