...controlling executive or legislative act or judicial provision resort must be had" — it said — "to the customs and usages of civilized nations and...of these to the works of jurists and commentators." It added, significantly enough : "Such works are resorted to by judicial tribunals, not for the speculations...

...customary international law. To ascertain what it is, "resort must be had", the Supreme Court has said, to the customs and usages of civilized nations; and,...made themselves peculiarly well acquainted with the subject of which they treat. (The Paquete Habana, 175 US 677, 700; see, also, Hilton v. Guyot, 159...

...677, 20 S.Ct. 290, 44 L.Ed. 320 (1900), reaffirmed that where there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision,...these, to the works of jurists and commentators, who by yean of labor, research and experience, have made themselves peculiarly well acquainted with the subject«...

...international law as part of our law. The Court stated that "where there is no treaty and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision,...had to the customs and usages of civilized nations . . . ." Id. at 700. In the area of human rights, establishing whether there is a custom of international...

...duly presented for their determination. For this purpose, where there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision,...must be had to the customs and usages of civilized nations.7 The Court therefore reversed the decree and ordered that the proceeds of the sale be restored...

...Paquete Habana, declaring that "International law is part of our law," could look to find it among "the customs and usages of civilized nations; and, as evidence of these . . . the works of jurists and commentators, who by years of labor, research, and experience, have...

...duly presented for their determination. For this purpose, where there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision,...acquainted with the subjects of which they treat. . . . Wheaton places, among the principal sources of international law, "Text writers of authority,...

...international law with dictum of no less significance: "[WJhere there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision, resort must be had to the customs and usages of nations." Id. (emphasis added); see also The Nereide, 13 US (9 Cranch) 388, 423, 3 L.Ed. 769 (1815)...

...Habana. I75 US 677 tI900i, the Supreme Court stated that where there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision,...acquainted with the subjects of which they treat. [These works] are trustworthy evidence of what the law really is. From the standpoint of the interrelation...

...duly presented for their determination. For this purpose, where there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision,...had to the customs and usages of civilized nations; ... by the general consent of the civilized nations of the world, and independent of any express treaty...