...Act of 1866 7 was directed against the Black Codes. Section 1 of the Act provided, in relevant part: [A]ll persons born in the United States and not subject...to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall...

...following year, in 1866, Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act, section 1 of which declared, "[A] 11 persons born in the United States and not subject...States; and such citizens, of every race and color . . . shall have the same right, in every State and Territory in the United States, to make and enforce...

...disciplinary form to them. The first section of the Civil Rights Act of April 9, 1866, included this language: All persons born in the United States and not subject...power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared citizens of the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color, without regard to any previous...

...which provided that "[a]ll persons bom in the United States and not subject to any foreign power ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color, shall have the same right, in every State and Territory in the United States," 14 Stat 27 §1 (1866)....

...Supreme Court was asked to determine the scope and the constitutionality of the 1866 law, which stated "that all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color,...

...this measure on March 27. Two weeks later it was passed over his veto. The Act extended citizenship to "all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power ... of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."...

...the record. / do not so read the law. I understand it to give to all citizens of the United States of every race and color without regard to any previous condition of slavery the right to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit, etc., and...

...overruled by§ I of thc l866 Act, supra note 220. which declares "that all persons bom in the United Stales and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are . . . citizens of the Unites States." This clause was adopted later as the firsi sentence of the fourteenth...

...discrimination against nonwhites. Section 1 of the bill, as ultimately enacted, provided in relevant part: All persons born in the United States, and not subject...States; and such citizens, of every race and color.. .shall have the same right, in every State and Territory in the United States, to make and enforce...

...and purposes. The Act first specified the prerequisites to becoming a citizen of the United States: "That all persons born in the United States and not...taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States."42 Since the Act endowed African Americans with many of the rights of United States citizenship,...