Through the active exertions of Kearny near Cape Antonio, on the Island of Cuba, the gang of the notorious pirate Gibbs, afterward hanged in chains in New York, was dispersed, and some of the number taken. The chief pirate with his principal followers succeeded in escaping at that time, after a long and arduous chase. The American brig Aristides and ship Lucius, with full cargoes from Liverpool, and the English brig Larch, which had been attacked by the pirates and partly plundered, were recaptured, and, with the exception of the first named, which had been stranded on a reef of rocks, were returned to their owners. Four schooners and one sloop of the pirates were captured, and subsequently another schooner and three or four barges employed by the pirates in their enterprise. The services rendered by Kearny in breaking up these gangs of pirates and destroying their strongholds received the highest commendation from insurance companies, merchants, and ship-owners, engaged in the commerce of that quarter of the globe, and gave reassurance to those who had been forced almost to give up all effort of trading with the West Indies. After rendering these invaluable services in the West Indies, he was ordered to the command of the U. S. ship Warren on the 2d of December, 1826, and sailed for the Mediterranean February 22, 1827. While in the Levant in that year, Kearny, learning that the Greek pirates were committing frequent and serious depredations upon the commerce of all nations, resolved to put a stop to it. Through the indefatigable exertions of himself and those under his command, the rendezvous of the pirates was broken up, the gangs dispersed, and commerce relieved of their depredations. One, writing of his exertions and activity at this time, says: "The commander of our vessel seemed to be in a peculiar manner suited for this enterprise. He was both sagacious and energetic, and possessed an intrepidity never exceeded. I was filled with admiration at his untiring vigilance, and it would fill a volume to narrate one-tenth of the incidents of our cruise. Our ship appeared to possess the power of ubiquity. One day we were looking into Milo, to see if there were vessels there wanting convoy, and then we would be abreast of Cerigotto. At one time off Syra, and then in the gulf of Suda. We were cruising principally between Cape Matapan and Cerigotto, thus guarding the entrance to the Archipelago; but our captain seemed to take peculiar delight in hovering about Garabusa. This was the stronghold of the pirates; the place where they obtained provisions and deposited their plunder. No suspicious sail ever escaped his eagle eye, and vessels of all descriptions, felucca, trutto, and mistico, were overhauled and seized; and at one time we had more than one hundred prisoners on board our ship. Some idea of the activity of our operations may be formed, when I state that, after capturing a large boat off Garabusa,

to leeward of the harbor, we immediately went in chase of a brig making to windward. She was soon overhauled, and proved to be a fine vessel of one hundred and eighty tons. The brig was hardly disposed of, when a suspicious looking craft was seen coming round the west end of Candia; we immediately pursued it, but, getting becalmed while the other vessel was favored with a breeze, we lost her. That night, off Cape Spada, another suspicious sail hove in sight, which we chased all night and a part of the next day up the Gulf of Napoli, when she made her escape either into Spezzia or by bearing away for Hydra. We soon after captured one vessel and burned another in a small bay off the Isle of Andros, and sunk a schooner off Syra. Besides all this, our commander frequently landed at different islands, compelling the authorities to disgorge the plunder deposited with them, and sometimes exacting the most signal satisfaction for outrages committed on our commerce." After returning to the United States, he was promoted to the rank of captain, and was engaged in miscellaneous duties till he was ordered, in 1839, to the frigate United States, and in 1840 to the command of the frigate Potomac, and in 1841 while in Brazil was appointed to the command of the East India squadron, and in February, 1841, hoisted his broad pennant on board the frigate Constellation, in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, it being the first instance in the history of our Navy that a broad pennant was raised in a foreign station. On arriving at Macao, in the spring of 1842, his first services were directed to the suppression of opium-smuggling. He took measures to secure redress for grievances of American merchants in China, who had lost property in the Dutch factory which had been plundered by a Chinese mob, and for which reparation had been vainly sought through the Hongs, and succeeded in bringing about a speedy settlement of these claims, amounting to over two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. He learned that a commercial treaty was about being concluded between the English and the Chinese, and, justly fearing that, unless carefully guarded, the interests of the United States might be made to suffer, he at once opened a direct correspondence with the Governor of Canton and the imperial commissioners on the subject; these communications resulted in a promise, on the part of the Chinese authorities, to recognize our right to trade and to extend to our merchants the same protection and facilities which were about being granted to Great Britain. These services were afterward communicated to the Senate, and printed in the Senate documents, No. 139, first session, Twenty-ninth Congress. It will be perceived that, while in China, Kearny was afforded an opportunity of negotiating a treaty of commerce with the Chinese, and was only prevented from so doing from the fact that he was not vested by this Government with the necessary diplomatic power.

The first steps were, however, taken-the benefit, in fact, secured-and, on being communicated to the Government, led to the appointment of the Hon. Caleb Cushing, as special envoy, by President Tyler, in May, 1843, who proceeded to China and there negotiated the treaty which was ratified January 17, 1845, and proclaimed April 18, 1846, by which treaty the right of trade and other facilities proffered by the Chinese authorities to Kearny were secured to the citizens of the United States. On leaving China, on his return home, he stopped at the Sandwich Islands in June, 1843, in time to learn that a provisional treaty had been made between King Kamehameha and the representative of the British Government, for the transfer of his dominions to the British crown without reference to the rights or interests of the United States or her inhabitants. Against such a cession he immediately protested, notifying both the King and Captain Lord George Paulet, the British representative, that they would be held respectively liable for all injuries to American commerce and American merchants. Without being able to remain until a definite settlement of this difficulty could be 'effected, he left the Sandwich Islands on his return, and reached Norfolk April 30, 1844. He was afterward engaged in various shore duties, embracing the command of the New York station; the presidency of one of the naval courts of inquiry under the act of January 16, 1857, and member of the Light-house Board. He was also a member of the New Jersey Board of Pilot Commissioners, and spent the last years of his life in Perth Amboy, where he died, Nov. 29, 1868, in the paternal homestead, where he was born, and which he had retained through life as his residence and home. KENTUCKY. The Legislature of Kentucky, which assembled on the first Monday of December, 1867, continued its sessions until the 10th of March, 1868, and during that time enacted no less than 1,236 laws, and adopted 40 series of joint resolutions. A large number of the statutes were for the relief or the benefit of individuals, and many others simply authorized the formation of corporations for business purposes or enterprises of internal improvement. Several acts were passed providing for an increase of the facilities of communication from one part of the State to another, some in the interest of railroads and turnpikes, and a number for the improvement of the river navigation. Some laws were made for the benefit of the schools and benevolent institutions of the Commonwealth, but none of these made any material change in the organization or existence of such institutions, and no statutes of great interest in general matters of government and public administration were enacted during the session. Mr. Guthrie, one of the Senators of Kentucky in the Federal Congress, sent his resignation to the Governor, and Thomas C. McCreery was elected by the General Assembly as his successor.

Some of the Representatives to Congress chosen in the State of Kentucky having been refused admittance to their seats on the first presentation of their certificates of election, the Legislature sent to Congress a memorial of protest "against the great constitutional wrong and manifest injustice" which had been done the people of the State "in failing and refusing to admit their just representation on the floor of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, on the presentstion of their legal certificates of election, daly authenticated, and each of said Representatives possessing all the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution of the United States." The memorial argues at some length respecting the authority of Congress over the qualifications of its own members, and ends with the following declarations:

1. That, in a Republican Government, the right of representation is a franchise which the people may not safely relinquish, and of which they cannot be deprived and remain free. The right of a people to representation implies the right for them to choose volves a destruction of the former; hence, a governtheir Representatives, and a denial of the latter inment is no longer republican when this right of the people is destroyed.

2. The Constitution of the United States, which is only bond of the Federal Union, prescribes the quali the creature of the States, and which constitutes the fications which must be possessed by members of Congress, also the mode of choosing them, and the right conferred by the Constitution on each House and returns of its members," and does not authorize of Congress to "judge of the election, qualification, the denial of representation to the people of a State or district, nor authorize the application of any new or additional tests or qualifications for membership.

3. To reject a representative duly chosen, because of any political sentiments which he may have held or may hold, is at once a flagrant violation of the Constitution, and a ruthless annihilation of freedom itself; because freedom consists in the right to be represented by whomsoever a majority may select: Provided, There be no disqualification, in the memFederal Constitution. ber so chosen, embraced within the provisions of the

4. Each and every of the Representatives elected by the people of the State of Kentucky to the Fortieth Congress was not only duly elected, but postution, and the exclusion for a single day of any one sessed all the qualifications required by the Constiof them, upon the grounds alleged by the controlling power in the House of Representatives, was an infraction of the constitutional rights of the people, which demands our most unqualified denunciation; and, in the name of an injured and outraged people, we do most solemnly and earnestly protest against such action, which, if persisted in, and established as the policy of the Government, will render the elec tive franchise a farce, and what we have been taught to regard as constitutional liberty but a solemn mock

ery.

Just before the close of the session, both branches of the General Assembly joined in the following resolutions on the subject of general amnesty:

Kentucky, as a sovereign State in the Federal Union, and as deeply interested in the common weal of the whole country, has not only the right, but it is her solemn duty, to declare her convictions upon all questions of public policy. The citizens of Kentucky are deeply concerned in the peace, harmony, and

prosperity of the whole country; the destiny of the State is involved in that of the country; and their prosperity depends, in a very great degree, upon that of every other portion of the Union, of which she forms a part.

2. That the unconditional restoration of the Southern States to the free and equal enjoyment of their rights in the Federal Union is indispensable to the peace, happiness, and prosperity of the country. Kentucky therefore declares that, in her judgment, a universal amnesty, without distinctions, discriminations, or test-oaths, is at once demanded by the highest statesmanship as well as the purest magnanimity. She also expresses her sincere individual interest in this matter, because certain of her citizens are subject to disabilities, liable to penalties, or forced to remain in exile. She therefore urges upon the President of the United States a proclamation of universal amnesty, unrestricted by test-oaths. She is entitled to the services of all her citizens; she desires the return of all her exiles to their homes, and the restoration of all lying under any disability to a perfect political and civil equality with all her other citi

zens.

The public charitable and reformatory institutions of Kentucky are said to be under very efficient management, but some deficiencies are severely felt. The penitentiaries in 1863 contained 240 convicts. In the five years which have elapsed since that time the number has increased nearly threefold; several additions to the buildings have been made in the mean time, and others are needed. The extensions made during the past year have 312 new cells, and considerably enlarged the hospital accommodation. Great need exists of separate penal and reformatory institutions for females and for boys; 240 of the inmates of the penitentiary at the present time are between the ages of 15 and 20 years. The number of convicts received within its walls during the year 1868 was 343, and the whole number of inmates on the 31st of December was 616. There are two lunatic asylums in the State: the Eastern, at Lexington, and the Western, at Hopkinsville. The State was divided into the Eastern and Western divisions by act of the last Legislature, simply with reference to these two asylums; all persons found by the proper inquest to be fit subjects for the care of an institution of the kind are sent to the asylum situated in that division of the State in which they reside. There is an institute for the education of feeble-minded children, located near the capital, which is in quite successful operation.

Much need is felt of more thorough organization of the school system of Kentucky. The title of Shelby College has been changed by legislative enactment to Saint James Col

lege.

The expenses of the government of Kentucky during the last fiscal year amounted to $3,490,195.29, and a surplus of $748,128.57 was left in the Treasury on the 10th of October. The debt of the Commonwealth, including $1,632,297.46 in irredeemable school-fund bonds, on the 10th of October, 1867, was $4,611,199.46. Of this the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund redeemed $992,008 in State bonds during the past year. The actual amount of the State

debt subject to payment which remained due on the 1st of January, 1869, was $1,906,894. Both political parties held conventions in the early part of the year, in which they repeated and confirmed the declarations of principles adopted at previous conventions. John W. Stevenson was nominated for reëlection to the office of Governor by the Democrats, and R. Tarvin Baker was nominated for that position by the Republicans. At the election, 140,146 votes were cast for Governor, of which 114,412 were for Mr. Stevenson, and 25,734 for Mr. Baker. Mr. Stevenson's majority was 88,678. The whole vote cast on the presidential ticket was 155,455, 115,889 of which were for the election of Seymour, and 39,566 for Grant, giving Seymour a majority of 76,313. New Representatives to Congress were also chosen, and Democrats were elected from all of the nine districts of the State.

When the Legislature adjourned on the 10th of March, it was to meet again in extra session on the 5th of January, 1869, the regular sessions of that body occurring biennially. It is made up of 8 Republican and 30 Democratic members in the Senate, and 9 Republicans and 91 Democrats in the House of Representatives.

No serious disturbances of public order have been reported in Kentucky during the past year. Some complaint has been made of the operation of the Civil Rights Law, whereby prisoners in the custody of the State courts have been in several instances taken therefrom by Federal officials, and removed for trial in the District Court of the United States.

KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, an eloquent preacher and author of the Reformed Church of Prussia; born in Duisburg, Rhenish Prussia, in 1797; died in Potsdam, Prussia, December 10, 1868. He was the eldest son of Friedrich Adolph Krummacher, the author of "Krummacher's Parables," an eminent professor and pastor of the Reformed Church. Educated at the University of Duisburg, he entered upon the pastorate in his twenty-first year, at Elberfeld, Prussia, and soon acquired a high reputation for the orthodoxy and evangelical character of his preaching, as opposed to the then prevalent rationalism of Germany, and also for his extraordinary eloquence as a preacher. His first appearance before the public as an author, was in his "Elijah the Tishbite," a work deservedly popular, and which was translated into most of the languages of Europe. The English version has been twice published in the United States, and has had a very large sale. This was followed by "The Suffering Saviour; "Last Days of Elisha;" 66 King David; "Solomon and the Shulomite; Sermons on the Canticles; "Glimpses into the Kingdom of Grace; "Bunsen and Stahl," etc. He also founded and edited for some years two religious periodicals, "PalmLeaves, a Monthly Magazine," and "The Evangelical Year-Book." In 1843 he received a call

from a German Reformed congregation in New York City, to be their pastor, and soon after the offer of a professorship in the Reformed Theological Seminary at Mercersburg, Pa., but he declined both, and recommended Pro

LEUTZE, EMANUEL, a distinguished historical painter, born in Gmünd, Wurtemburg, May 24, 1816; died in Washington, D. C., July 18, 1868. His parents emigrated to the United States, soon after his birth, and at first settled in Philadelphia, but subsequently removed to Fredericksburg, Va. His youth was passed in the two cities. His early education was good, though not specially in the direction of art. The first development of his possession of artistic talent occurred while attending the sickbed of his father, when he attempted drawing to occupy the long hours of waiting. This talent was assiduously cultivated, and he soon became skilful and enthusiastic in his profession, and projected a plan for publishing, in Washington, portraits of eminent American statesmen, in which, however, he met with but slight encouragement. About 1840 he produced his first painting which indicated his ability to be any thing more than a good portrait-painter. His subject was an Indian in the midst of a wild landscape, gazing at the setting sun, and its merits were such as to procure him so many orders, that in 1841 he was enabled to carry into effect a long-cherished purpose of studying his art in Europe. Instead of following the usual course of young American artists, and going to Italy for the study of the works of the old masters, he proceeded at once to Düsseldorf and became one of the pupils of the celebrated Lessing, under whom he made rapid progress. He devoted himself with great assiduity to historic subjects, and chose in preference those having a relation to the discovery or history of America. His first noteworthy painting in Europe, "Columbus before the Council of Salamanca, was purchased by the Düsseldorf Art Union; and a companion picture, "Columbus in Chains," procured him the gold medal of the Brussels Art Exhibition, and was subsequently purchased by the Art Union in New York. In 1843 he studied the works of Cornelius and Kaulbach at Munich, and, while there, finished his "Columbus before the Queen." After the completion of this picture he visited Venice and Rome, making careful studies of Titian and Michael Angelo, and, after a protracted tour in Italy, returned to Düsseldorf in 1845, where he married and made his home. Historical painting continued to be his favorite and almost exclusive department of art, and he adhered, in his execution, to the style of the Düsseldorf school. For fourteen years he continued in Düsseldorf-years of assiduous labor, which

fessor Schaff to the latter. He was called in 1848 from Elberfeld to be court preacher to the King of Prussia, at Berlin, and afterward at Potsdam. He was accounted the most eloquent preacher in Germany.

Henry

gave him a high measure of reputation. During these years he painted, among other pictures of less' note, "Landing of the Norsemen in America;" "Cromwell and his Daughter;" "The Court of Queen Elizabeth;" VIII. and Anne Boleyn;" "The Iconoclast;" and that remarkable series of pictures illus trating striking events in the War of the Revolution, of which the most important were: "Washington Crossing the Delaware;" "Washington at Monmouth;" "Washington at the Battle of Monongahela; "News from Lerington;" "Sergeant Jasper;" and "Washington at Princeton;" the "Washington Crossing the Delaware" has been engraved, we believe, more than once. In 1859, after eighteen years of absence, Mr. Leutze returned to the United States, the country toward which, during all these years, his heart had turned. He opened a studio at first in New York City, where he was soon fully employed, his reputa tion having long preceded him throughout the country. Early in 1860 he received a commission from the Government for a large mural picture, to be painted on one of the staircases in the capitol at Washington. The subject he chose was, "Westward the Star of Empire takes its way," and the painting was to be executed in fresco. So earnestly did the artist enter into this work that he not only made the then difficult journey to the base of the Rocky Mountains, for the purpose of local study, but, on his return to the States, again departed for Munich, that he might learn from Kaulbach the mechanism of fresco. The result was admirable. The painting is by much the finest fresco yet executed in the United States, and puts to shame the other tawdry efforts in that line of art in the capitol. Mr. Leutze, while engaged on this painting, made his home in Washington, and remained there after its completion. He had received other commissions from the Governinent, which were only in the "cartoon" state at his death. One of these ("Civilization"), intended for the Senate-chamber, was said to have been most admirable in its conception. He had also made a sketch in pencil of an historical painting of the lar gest size, entitled "The Emancipation." Mr. Leutze was altogether the best-educated artist in America, possessed of vast technical learn ing, of great genius, and fine powers of conception. His weakest point was in his coloring, but even here he was superior to mest others. He was very industrious, and devoted

himself to his work most faithfully and assiduously. His death was caused by apoplexy, superinduced by the intense heat.

LIBERIA, a republican state of Western Africa, founded in 1822 by free negroes from the United States of North America, under the auspices of the American Colonization Society. As the frontier of the republic is not fixed, its area cannot be ascertained. It is estimated at about 9,567 square miles. The extent of the territory along the Guinea coast is about 225 miles. The population, in 1867, was estimated at 18,000 civilized and 700,000 uncivilized negroes.* The President of the republic is elected for a term of two years, and may be reelected at the expiration of his term. At the presidential election held in 1867, none of the candidates received an absolute majority, and the election consequently devolved upon the Legislature, which elected J. Spriggs Payne; Vice-President, Joseph J. Gibson. The Cabinet was composed as follows: Secretary of State, J. Nostedler Lewis (January 7, 1868); Finances, Daniel E. Bearns (February 7, 1868); Attorney-General, W. M. Davis (January 7, 1868); Comptroller of the Treasury, John R. Freeman (February 14, 1868); Treasurer, Beverly V. R. James (January, 1868). The United States are represented in Liberia by a minister-resident and consul-general (at present, John Seys, who was appointed in 1866). The budget for 1868 estimates the receipts at $108,297; the expenditures at $106,745; surplus, $1,552. The exports of 1866 were estimated at about $400,000.

LIECHTENSTEIN, a principality, which, until 1866, formed part of the German Confederation; but has been, since 1866, without connection with any other State of Germany. Prince, Johann II., born October 5, 1840; succeeded his father November 12, 1858. Area, 62 square miles; population, in 1867, 8,320. Revenue and expenditures amount to about 55,000 florins annually.

LINCOLN, LEVI, LL. D., an eminent citizen, statesman, and jurist, of Massachusetts, born in Worcester, Mass., October 25, 1782; died in that city, May 29, 1868. He inherited from his distinguished father a singular capacity for public affairs. He was early instructed in the rudiments of classical knowledge, and entered Harvard College, whence he graduated in the class of 1802, and, having studied law in his father's office, was admitted to the bar in 1805, and began practice in Worcester. He was a member of the State Senate in 1812, and from 1816 to 1822 represented the town in the House of Representatives; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1820; was Speaker of the House in 1822, when a majority of the members were opposed to him in political sentiments; was Lieutenant-Governor in 1823; associate justice of the Supreme

See the ANNUAL AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA for 1867 for a list of Presidents from 1848 to 1868, and for an account of the Legislature.

Court in 1824; Governor from 1825 to 1834; representative in Congress, from 1835 to 1841; collector of the port of Boston under President Harrison, and subsequently in various places of duty and service for the State and city to which he belonged. In the convention of 1820, which contained the flower of the talent of the Commonwealth, others bore a more active, but none a more creditable part. He spoke without ornament or pretension, always with clearness and to the point. The period during which he administered the State government is often referred to as one of the highest political felicity. He was chosen by the concurrence of all parties, when the singular desire prevailed that the best man should be selected for office without reference to names that had lost their meaning. When he retired from office, it was the universal testimony that Massachusetts had never had a better chief magistrate. His retirement from public life was not made an excuse for abandoning labor where his experience, judgment, and unimpaired energy could be of service. When the town of Worcester became a city in 1848, the first citizen was naturally selected as the first mayor, and its requirements were met with unfailing zeal and fidelity. He was for many years president of the Worcester Agricultural Society, and a regular exhibitor at its annual fairs. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member and counsellor of the American Antiquarian Society, and a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Williams College in 1824, and by Harvard College in 1826. The last office of a public nature conferred upon him was to give one of the electoral votes of Massachusetts for Abraham Lincoln in 1864, when the exigencies of the country seemed to have renewed his youth, and to have stimulated anew the patriotism which neither time nor his long retirement from its affairs had begun to extinguish.

LINSLEY, Rev. JOEL HARVEY, D. D., a Congregational clergyman and college president, born in Cornwall, Vt., July 16, 1790; died in Greenwich, Conn., March 22, 1868. He pursued his preparatory studies for college under the tuition of Rev. Jedediah Brown, pastor of the Congregational Church in Cornwall, entered Middlebury College at the age of seventeen, and graduated in the class of 1811. After spending eighteen months in the study of law, he was appointed tutor in Middlebury College, and remained there two and a half years. In 1815 he was admitted to the bar, and practised law in Middlebury for seven years. His choice, however, had been from the first the ministry, and, having become satisfied in regard to some points of religious experience, he commenced a course of theological study, was licensed in June, 1822, attended lectures at Andover during one summer, and then accepted an appointment as a domestic missionary in South Carolina.