best interests, and man sometimes pursues trifles with all his energies, and man sometimes considers trifles as the principal object of desire in this fleeting world. We should use the organs of speech as the instruments of understanding; we should not use the organs of speech as the weapons of vice; we should not use the organs of speech as the tools of folly. No vice is more criminal than lying; no vice is meaner than lying; no vice is more ridiculous than lying. 3. CONVERSION. A compound sentence may be converted into a simple sentence, by making one of two principal clauses subordinate. Alternative co-ordination is convertible with conditional subordination; as,— Compound. He must either surrender himself, or submit to be outlawed. Complex. If he does not surrender himself, he must submit to be outlawed. If he does not wish to be outlawed, he must surrender himself. If he surrenders himself, he will not be outlawed. Adversative co-ordination is convertible with concessive subordination; as,— Compound. Fire is a good servant, but it is a bad master. Complex. Though fire is a good servant, it is a bad master. Exercise 27. Convert the following compound into complex sentences: The bookseller will either exchange the book, or he will return your money. He could not go with me, but he showed me the way. A soldier in time of peace is like a chimney in summer; but no man would pull down his chimney because it is the middle of June. Neither a borrower nor a lender be. Every man must either serve himself, or provide a substitute. Blood, blood he found on every side, But nowhere found his child. Either every This is madness, but there is method in it. murmurer at government must be prevented from diffusing discontent, or there can be no peace. No dreamer of innovations may propagate his projects, or there will be no settlement. Murder has no tongue, but it will speak with most miraculous organ. The garrison must either capitulate, or run the risk of starvation. A man may be locked up in steel, but his conscience must not be corrupted with injustice, or he will be as if he were naked. 4. SYNTHESIS. Exercise 28. Combine the following simple into compound sentences, using the verbs printed in italics as the verbs of the principal clauses: EXAMPLE. The lion crouches in thickets. There buffaloes and other animals come for food and drink. One of them is near. Then he springs upon it with a furious bound. Seizing it in his strong claws, he tears it in pieces. He devours sometimes flesh and bones together. The lion crouches in thickets, where buffaloes and other animals come for food and drink; and, when one of them is near, he springs upon it with a furious bound; seizing it in his strong claws, he tears it in pieces, and devours sometimes flesh and bones together. 1. A young gentleman was at one of the academies in Paris. He ate nothing but soup and dry bread. He drank only water. 2. The governor of the institution attributed this singularity to excess of devotion. He reproved his pupil. He endeavoured to persuade him to alter his resolution. 3. He found, however, that his remonstrances were ineffectual. He sent for the young gentleman again. He observed to him that such conduct was highly unbecoming. He observed to him that it was his duty to conform to the rules of the academy. 4. He then endeavoured to learn the reason of his pupil's conduct. The youth could not be prevailed upon to impart the secret. The governor threatened to send him back to his family. 5. "Sir," said the young man at last, "in my father's house I eat nothing but black bread. I eat very little of that. Here I have good soup. Here I have excellent white bread. I might fare luxuriously. I cannot persuade myself to take anything else. I reflect on the situation of my father and mother." 6. Johnson invades authors like a monarch. His conduct would be theft in other poets. It is only victory in him. 7. History informs the understanding by the memory. Something will happen. It shows us the like revolutions of former times. History helps us to judge of the future by the past. 8. The pictures drawn in our minds are laid in fading colours. They need to be sometimes refreshed. Otherwise, they vanish; otherwise, they disappear. 9. The Laplander uses the milk of the reindeer for food. C He uses its skin for tents. The Laplander uses the flesh of the reindeer for food. He uses its skin for clothing. He uses its skin for bedding. He converts its horns into spoons. He converts its sinews into thread. The reindeer is also extremely useful to him as a beast of draught. For this purpose it is harnessed to sledges. 10. The cohesion of the waters of the ocean is imperfect. They cannot therefore be carried round from west to east so rapidly as the solid land. The lagging waters assume the form of a current. This current flows from east to west. The name of the Equatorial Current has been given to it. 11. The Earl of Strafford passed from his apartment to Tower Hill. The scaffold was erected on Tower Hill. Strafford stopped under Laud's windows. He had long lived in intimate friendship with Laud. Awful moments were approaching. Strafford entreated the assistance of Laud's prayers in these awful moments. 12. Edgehill is in the county of Warwick. Charles I. fell in with the parliamentary forces there on the 23d of October 1642. There was a desperate struggle. Great mistakes were committed on both sides. The battle ended. Neither party obtained any decisive advantage. They went that). Vio 13. At one time, workpeople were hostile to the introduction of cotton-spinning and other machines. about the country breaking them up (80 lent measures are no longer resorted to. tion of a new machine in any factory or workshop is still regarded by many operatives with jealousy and alarm. They believe that it will throw them out of work. Yet the introduc 14. The effect of machinery is to lessen the cost of production. This cheapens the price of the article. Consequently the demand for the article increases. This necessarily causes more machines to be used. This creates employment for a larger number of people than before. 15. Workmen wish to ascertain the true value of their labour. They believe this impossible so long as they work at the old wages. The master may really be underrating their labour. After due inquiry they become convinced that it is so, (if). They may then fitly enough resolve to try the issue. They refuse to work unless at advanced wages. 16. A strike is thus a decisive experiment. But a strike is also an expensive experiment. Something else, therefore, behoves workpeople, before resorting to a strike. They may thereby bring evils upon themselves. They may thereby bring evils upon others. It behoves them to take due account of these evils. Their estimate of the market value of their labour may turn out to be a mistaken one. This is most likely. In this case especially they ought to take account of these evils. 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH. Exercise 29. Vary the construction of the following passages, by changing the first or second person into the third, or the third into the first or second: EXAMPLES. "and may 1. "I thank thee," cried the dying consul; the gods recompense thy piety. But as for me, all is over, and my part is chosen. Do not, therefore, by attempting to persuade a desperate man, lose the only means of procuring thine own safety." The dying consul thanked him, and prayed that the gods might recompense him for his piety. But as for himself, he said that all was over, and that his part was chosen. He therefore entreated him not to lose the only means of procuring his own safety, by attempting to persuade a desperate man. 2. Xantippus told them that their armies had been hitherto overthrown, not by the strength of the enemy, but by the ignorance of their own generals. He therefore only required a ready obedience to his orders, and assured them of an easy victory. |
