pected to surround those whose souls are governed by tyrant lusts. And every day and night do there spring forth in them most vehement desires, indigent of many things. If they have any yearly revenue, it is soon expended, and then they borrow on usury, and dissipate their paternal inheritance. And when all things fail them, when their many and ardent desires, nestling in the mind, shall give frequent and powerful cries, and sting and goad them, they will endeavour to find out if any one possess any thing which they may acquire by deceit, or seize by violence. They are compelled, therefore, to plunder from every quarter, or be tormented with great agonies: and as with such a man his new pleasures predominate over his ancient ones, and usurp what belonged to them, shall he not, in the same manner, deem it right that he may have more than his parents? and if he hath spent his own property, that he may encroach upon theirs? If they will not permit him to do so, will he not cheat or steal from them? And if he is not able to do either, will he not use rapine and violence? His desires loosed from all control, will tyrannise over him: such as he rarely was when asleep, will he now always be when awake, and from no impious murder, or horrid deed of any kind, will he abstain. But that tyrannical lust within him, having unbounded license, shall urge him on rashly to every wickedness, whereby he may support himself, and the vile rout of his companions. If there be but a few of such men in the state, they will serve as guards to the tyrant, or assist him, for hire, in his wars. But if there be no war, and that they remain at home, they commit many and grievous mischiefs. They steal, rob, break open houses, rifle temples, make free-men slaves, and sometimes become accusers and informers, and give false testimony, and corrupt the judges with bribes. All these evils, great as they are, bear no comparison to those which the wretched state endures from the tyrant himself and his tyranny.

Tyrants are rendered wicked and miserable by the company they keep, conversing only with their minions and flatter

ers, who are ever ready to administer to them obsequiously in every thing. These at first assume the appearance of his friends, but after they have gained their purposes, they be come his enemies. Liberty or true friendship, the tyrannical disposition never tastes. We may then surely call the tyrant faithless and unjust; and on the whole conclude that he is the worst and most miserable of men. The longer he exercises tyranny, the more completely wicked and miserable he will become. The tyrant himself will in these respects very much resemble the state which he oppresses. The relations of both to virtue and happiness are similar. And let us not, my friends, be deceived by the specious appearance of such a state, nor be struck with admiration, whilst we regard the tyrant alone, or those few who share with him the supreme power. We should go through the state, and view it with our own eyes minutely, in order to form our judgment of it. We should investigate the mind and manners of the tyrant, and penetrate into the very interior of his soul, and not like children, beholding the outside merely, suffer ourselves to be astounded at the sight of tyrannical pomp.-The state is enslaved in the greatest degree: and yet we see in it some who are the masters, (the worst part of the community,) and others called freemen, who obey. But the whole of it, in general, and chiefly the most excellent part, is disgracefully and miserably slavish. In the same manner, the soul of the tyrant is abject and servile; those parts of it which are the noblest, being enslaved, whilst that small part of it which is most wicked and frantic, is the ruler. A soul thus tyrannized over is always goaded violently by some stinging passion: it is indigent, craving, and insatiable, and filled with tumult, perturbation, and remorse. There will not be more lamentations, and groans, and wailings, and torments, in any enslaved city, than in the soul of the tyrant, who madly rages with his desires and his lusts. He is by far the most wretched of all men, as a tyranny is the most wretched of all governments.

Private men who are rich and have many slaves, have some resemblance to the tyrants I have described. Like them they rule over many. But there is this difference between them: the former live securely, because each of them is protected by the whole state. But if some god should take one of them who had fifty slaves, or upwards, out of the state, and establish him, together with his wife and children, and all his property and slaves, in the midst of a desert, where there was no freeman to afford him assistance; in what fear would he not be, lest his slaves should rise upon him, and destroy himself and his family? Would he not be obliged to flatter some of those slaves, and set them at liberty, and promise them many things? He must even do so, or soon perish. And if many other freemen, who had no slaves themselves, and who could not endure that any one should be the absolute master of another, should settle around him, his condition would then be still worse. He would be enclosed and encompassed with enemies. In such a prison-house, is the tyrant of whom we have been speaking bound, disturbed always with anxiety and terror. He alone, of all in his state, is unable to go abroad, or to see such things as other men behold; dwelling in fear within the walls of his palace, and envying his citizens the freedom and pleasures they enjoy. Most true it is then, though many imagine otherwise, that the complete tyrant is a complete slave; and a flatterer of the most wicked men. His desires, which are so ravenous, are never satisfied; but he is always in want of many things, and would appear poor indeed to any one who could penetrate into his mind. He is distracted with perpetual fear, and a prey to solicitude, through the whole of his life. From all these things he must necessarily become envious, faithless, unjust, and unholy, and a sink and fomenter of all kind of wickedness, and be very miserable himself, and render all those who adhere to him equally wretched.

SELECT REVIEW.

A Journey through Albania, and other provinces of Turkey in Europe and Asia, to Constantinople, during the years 1809 and 1810. By J. C. Hobhouse. 2 vols. 4to.

[From the Monthly Review.]

We have in these volumes another example of the effect of the late system of exclusion from France and Italy, in directing the researches of our countrymen to the shores of Greece. Mr. Hobhouse took an extensive survey of the classic territory and travelled in company with lord Byron; whose prolific muse has of late rendered our fair countrywomen so familiar with the manners and scenery of the Levant. These considerations entitle his journal to a notice of some length, notwithstanding the frequency of late publications on the subject, and the promise of a comprehensive performance of a similar description under the superintendance of Mr. Walpole.-The leading objects of Mr. H.'s observations were Albania, Attica, the Troad, and Constantinople, to each of which we shall give attention in its turn; bestowing, however, a larger portion of our space on the first-mentioned articles, the Troad having already been a topic of ample discussion, and the wonders of Constantinople having been lately brought before our readers in our notice of Dr. Clarke's Travels.

Mr. Hobhouse's narrative begins in September 1809, at which time lord Byron and he set sail from Malta, and proceeded to the shores of Greece. Being on board a brig of war, which convoyed a fleet of small merchantmen to Patras, the northwest part of the Peloponnesus was the portion of Grecian territory that first attracted their observation. Cephalonia appeared a chain of high rocks to the north, and Zante a level island to the south; while, in front, their attention was fixed on the high mountains of Albania and the Morea; and the freshness of the green plantations of currant-trees afforded a delightful relief to eyes accustomed to the white waste of Malta. After having passed near Ithaca, and viewed, in their progress northward, the far-famed Leucadian precipice, the voyagers anchored off Prevesa, a southern port in Albania, and commenced their tour on the main-land. An apology is `made in limine (pp. 5, 6, 7.) for a want of precision in explaining the course of rivers, the direction of the mountains, and the relative position of the ancient and modern cities of Epi

rus. That country was never accurately described by either the Greek or Roman writers, and its frequent change of masters led unavoidably to a perplexing change of names. Strabo avows his inability to specify the limits of the different Epirote tribes; and Ptolemy takes perhaps an unauthorized liberty, when he includes Acarnania and Amphilochia within the boundary of Epirus. M. D'Anville frankly confessed his want of information on this topic; and Mr. Gibbon declared that we are nearly as much acquainted with the nature of the territory in question as with the wilds of North America. To expect such a thing as a map among the Turks would be idle, as they are accustomed to ridicule all statistical calculations.

Having described Prevesa, and the adjacent ruins of Nicopolis, Mr. H. proceeds to give an account of the town of Arta, situated inland near the gulf of that name. It was a place of consequence until Ali Pacha made Ioannina the seat of government and ruled Arta by a dependent under the title of aga. Mr. H. does not incline to the opinion that Arta is the ancient Ambracia, or that the river on which it stands is the ancient Aracthos. Holding a northward course from Arta, the travellers reached, on the second day, Ioannina, a city containing not fewer than 40,000 inhabitants, and standing on the western bank of the lake to which M. Pouqueville would give the name of Acherusian.

The houses are, many of them, large and well-built, containing a court-yard, and having warehouses or stables on the ground, with an open gallery and the apartments of the family above. A flight of wooden steps under cover of the pent of the gallery connects the under and upper part of the houses. Though they have but a gloomy appearance from the street, having the windows very small, and latticed with cross bars of wood, and presenting the inhospitable show of large folding doors, big enough to admit the horses and cattle of the family, but never left open, yet the yard, which is often furnished with orange and lemon trees, and in the best houses communicates with a garden, makes them very lively from within, and the galleries are sufficiently extensive to allow a scope for walking in rainy weather.

The Bazar, or principal strect, inhabited by the tradesmen, is well furnished, and has a showy appearance. The Bizestein, or covered Bazar is of considerable size, and would put you in mind, as may be observed of all these places, of Exeter-'Change.'

The Christains of Ioannina, though inhabiting a part of Albania, and governed by Albanian masters, call themselves Greeks, as do the inhabitants of Arta, Prevesa, and even of many villages higher up the country: they neither wear the Albanian dress, nor speak the Albanian language, and they partake also in every par