In the following lines of Byron, we find the same necessity for an emphatic connection :

“And Jura answers, through her misty shroud,

Back to the joyous Alps, that call to her aloud."

These words or phrases occur between words forming what is termed the emphatic tie.

Rush speaks of them as

"the flight of the voice." They are rendered parenthetic by being given in more rapid movement, lower pitch, and

monotone:

"There was a Brutus once that would have brooked
(The eternal devil to keep his state in Rome)

As easily as a king."

In the parenthesis we have the flight; brooked as easily is the emphatic tie.

Fifth-When several words in succession require emphasis, they form what is called an emphatic phrase. These, when repeated, are called cumulative emphasis. We have examples of the emphatic phrase in the lines already quoted to illustrate the appealing question:

"Judge me, ye Gods! Wrong I mine enemies?
And if not so, how could I wrong my brother?"

"What man could do

Is done already, Heaven and earth will witness,
If Rome must jall, that we are innocent."

"There was a time, then, my fellow citizens, when the Lacedæmonians were sovereign masters both by sea and land, when their troops and forts surrounded the entire circuit of Attica, while this state had not one ship, not one wall."

262. To sum up the preceding view of the several circumstances or conditions demanding emphasis, we have the following:

1

I. The Emphasis of Antithesis, which enforces the thoughts or passions of words through contrast.

2. Absolute Emphasis, or the enforcement of thought or passion on one word or a succession of words, from their own peculiar expressive character, independent of any contrast with, or opposition to, other words.

3. Emphasis of Ellipsis, which enforces a word for the purpose of supplying the meaning of others omitted in the construction.

4. The Emphatic Tie, which distinguishes certain words for the purpose of connecting them upon the ear, to point out their grammatical relations where the syntax is obscure. To these may be added:

The Emphatic Phrase, which enforces the thought or passion of several words in close succession in a phrase or clause.

263. Emphasis should not be too frequent, nor too precise in detail,-in striving to particularize too much, the general effect of significance is weakened. A proper observation of the necessity of superior and inferior, as regards the object in the presentation of thought or passion by the agency of words, will lead us to select the important from the unimportant, and thus help the ear and the mind to perceive the real meaning of the language. In order to arrive at a just employment of emphasis, we must, then, consider the relative value of all words composing language comprehended under the following threefold division: 1. Unaccented.

2. Accented. 3. Emphatic.

In almost every sentence there are certain words which receive no more vocal acknowledgment than the unac cented syllables of polysyllabic words, unless they have some unusual or peculiar significance, and, when uttered in connexion with a word bearing an accent, can not be dis

tinguished by the ear from the unaccented syllables of that word.

To this class of words belong all conjunctions: as, and, but, or, if, etc.; the articles the, an, a; all prepositions, as for, from, with, in; the verb to be, throughout its modifications; and the pronominal adjectives my, his, her, our, some, etc.; also, personal and relative pronouns, such as 1, thou, which, who, that, etc., when employed for words understood between the speaker and hearer. In fine, all such words as merely connect sentences, denote ordinary relations, express simple existence, and qualify other words, without adding a new idea. These words have been called enclitics, hooked on" to others. To illustrate, take the following sentence as a plain statement of fact:

"Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being eminent."

And, if correctly pronounced, it will sound as if it contained five polysyllabic words, as follows:

“Cen ́sure is-the-tax′, a—man-pays, to-the-pubʼlic, for— being-em'inent.”

Although no words in this sentence are emphatic, still those marked with the accent, tax, pays, etc., receive a certain distinction from the other words sinking into the same obscurity as the unaccented syllables. If these link words, however, were given an equal degree of vocal value with the accented words, we should find that the sentence would lack that light and shade which is necessary to convey a clear picture of the thought.

Besides words which are emphatic from some peculiarity of meaning, there are, then, always many superior, through accent alone, to the particles and similarly obscure words. In the plainest utterance of thought, therefore, there are differences in the values of words, which subordinate some

and elevate others into a certain prominence in con

trast.

264. The student must not, then, in his study of emphasis, confound the distinction between words which take vocal prominence from a peculiarity of meaning, and those which have distinction from only a general or ordinary meaning, or more meaning than the particles, connections, etc., for it must be borne in mind that there is a certain force of meaning inherent in the simple verbal forms of the substantives, verbs, and other important parts of speech, sufficient to declare, when related in sentences, the ordinary sense of language, without recourse to peculiar significance in sound.

The first degree of distinction, then, between words in sentences, arises from the importance of the nouns, verbs, etc., over particles and unimportant words. This distinction naturally takes place on a large proportion of words in every ordinary sentence.

It will also be found that in all cases the accented words attract to them the unaccented words, either preceding or following, most intimately related in sense, thus forming what to the ear appears like one long word. Groups of words thus related have been termed oratorical portions of a sentence, or "oratorical words." Thus:

"He off'ers-me some-advice which-he-believes' to-begood'."

I-have-seen-him and-I-think-he-corresponds withthe-description.

Let-us-proceed' by-recollection.

265. Before passing to that distinction of words called properly emphatic, I wish to direct the attention to the fact that, in the utterance of all language, words which repre

sent ideas or things with which the hearer is supposed to be acquainted are not naturally the object of communication, and are, therefore, always expressed by such a subordination of effect as is suitable to mark them, rather as an allusion to an idea understood, than as the presentation of a new idea.

On the other hand, those things of which our hearers are not fully informed, or which they might possibly misconceive, are brought into such prominence as makes it impossible for the hearer to overlook or mistake them. If, then, any part of speech in a sentence is understood between the hearer and speaker, or in apposition with something preceding or understood, it loses its ordinary value. and falls into comparative obscurity or insignificance. This, of course, does not hold when a word is repeated to enforce the idea, as in the sentence:

With this understanding, we will next consider emphatic words. Taking the sentence:

"Exercise and temperance strengthen the constitution,"

We would have four "oratorical words," accentual only, thus:

Ex ́ercise and-temperance strength'en the-constitution."

But if the sentence be as follows:

"Exercise aud temperance strengthen even an indifferent constitution,"

The word indifferent, from its peculiar meaning, becomes emphatic, and is raised above the level of the merely accentual words of the sentence. Now, as accented words