tion on his crimes by repelling their consequences, and banishes remorse for the past by the meditation of future mischief. This is not the principle of Richard's cruelty, which resembles the cold malignity, the wanton malice, of a fiend, rather than the frailty of human nature. Macbeth is goaded on to acts of violence and retaliation by necessity; to Richard, blood is a pastime. There are other essential differences. Richard is a man of the world; a vulgar, plot ting, hardened villain, wholly regardless of everything but his own ends, and the means to accomplish them. Not so Macbeth. The superstitions of the age, the rude state of society, the local scenery and customs, all give a wildness and imaginary grandeur to his character. From the strangeness of the events that surround him, he is full of amazement and fear, and stands in doubt between the world of reality and the world of fancy. He sees sights not shown to mortal eye, and hears unearthly music. All is tumult and disorder within and without his mind; his purposes recoil upon himself, are broken and disjointed; he is the double thrall of his passions and his evil destiny. He treads upon the brink of fate, and grows dizzy with his situation. Richard is not a character either of imagination or pathos, but of pure will. There is no conflict of opposite feelings in his breast. The apparitions which he sees only haunt him in his sleep; nor does he live, like Macbeth, in a waking dream. There is nothing tight or compact in Macbeth, no tenseness of fibre nor pointed decision of manner. He has indeed considerable energy and manliness of soul; but then he is subject to all the skyey influences." He is sure of nothing. All is left at issue. He runs a tilt with fortune, and is baffled with preternatural riddles. The agitation of his mind resem bles the rolling of the sea in a storm, or he is like a lion in the toils, fierce, impetuous, and ungovernable. Richard, in the busy turbulence of his projects, never loses his self-possession, and makes use of every circumstance that occurs as an instrument of his long-reaching designs. In his last extremity we can only regard him as a captured wild-beast; but we never entirely lose our concern for Macbeth, and he calls back all our sympathy by that fine close of thoughtful melancholy, "My May of life Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf: Characters of Shakspeare's Plays. JAMES KIRKE PAULDING, born at Pawling, New York, 178, Navy Agent for the port of New York for twelve years, until 1837, and Secretary of the Navy, 1837-1841; died 1860. He was the author of the following among other works: The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother 1835, 12mo; Letters from the South, etc., Jonathan, N. York, 1813, 18mo, new edit., N. York, 1817, 2 vols. 12mo, new edit., 1835, 2 vols. 12mo; A Sketch of Old England, by a New England Man, N. York, 1822, 2 vols. 12mo; Koningsmarke, The Long Finne, N. Old Times in the New World, 1835, 2 vols. York, 1823, 2 vols. 12mo, 2d edit., entitled 12mo, Lond., 1843, 2 vols. 12mo; John Bull in America; or, The New Munchausen, N. York, 1824, 12mo; Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham, 1826, 12mo; The Book of St. Nicholas, 1827, 8vo; The New Mirror for Travellers and Guide to the Springs, 1828, 12mo; Tales of the Good Woman, by a Doubtful Gentleman, 1829, 8vo; Chronicles of the City of Gotham, 1830, 12mo; The Dutchman's Fireside, a Tale, N. also in French and Dutch; Westward Ho ! York, 1831, 12mo, Lond., 1831, etc., 12mo, a Tale, N. York, 1832, 2 vols. 12mo; The 2 vols. 18mo, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1836, Life of George Washington, N. York, 1835, schools in the United States); Affairs and 18mo (5000 copies purchased for public Men of New Amsterdam in the Times of Governor Peter Stuyvesandt, N. York, 1843, 12mo; The Old Continental; or, The Price of Liberty, N. York, 1846, 12mo; American Comedies, by J. K. Paulding and [his son] William Irving Paulding, Phila., 1847, 8vo; 1849, 12mo. His son, W. I. Paulding, pubThe Puritan and his Daughter, N. York, lished an account of his father's life in 1867, and four volumes of his works were republished, N. York, 1867-68. He was co-author (who married his sister) of Salmagundi, with Washington Irving and William Irving first series, 1807, and sole author of the second series, 1819. "There is no better literary manner than the manner of Mr. Paulding. Certainly no American, and possibly no living writer of England, has more of those numerous peculiarities which go to the formation of a happy style. It is questionable, we think, whether any writer of any country combines as many of these peculiaritics with as much of that essential negative virtue, the absence of affectation."-EDGAR A. POE: Literati, 1850, 574. "His works are exclusively and eminently national, and his descriptions of natural scenery are often singularly beautiful."-Lon. Athenæum: Lit. of the Nineteenth Century: America. THE QUARREL OF SQUIRE BULL AND HIS SON. John Bull was a choleric old fellow, who 778 JAMES KIRKE PAULDING. held a good manor in the middle of a great mill-pond, and which, by reason of its being quite surrounded by water, was generally called Bullock Island. Bull was an ingenious man, an exceedingly good blacksmith, a dexterous cutler, and a notable weaver and pot-baker besides. He also brewed capital porter, ale, and small beer, and was in fact a sort of Jack of all trades, and good at each. In addition to these, he was a hearty fellow and excellent bottle companion, and passably honest as times go. But what tarnished all these qualities was a devilish quarrelsome, overbearing disposition, which was always getting him into some scrape or other. The truth is, he never heard of a quarrel going on among his neighbours but his fingers itched to be in the thickest of them; so that he was hardly ever seen without a broken head, a black eye, or a bloody nose. Such was Squire Bull, as he was commonly called by the country people his neighbours,-one of those odd, testy, grumbling, boasting old codgers, that never get credit for what they are, because they are always pretending to be what they are not. The squire was as tight a hand to deal with in doors as out; sometimes treating his family as if they were not the same flesh and blood, when they happened to differ with him in certain matters. One day he got into a dispute with his youngest son Jonathan, who was familiarly called BROTHER JONATHAN, about whether churches ought to be called churches or meeting-houses; and whether steeples were not an abomination. The squire, either having the worst of the argument, or being naturally impatient of contradiction (I can't tell which), fell into a great passion, and swore he would physic such notions out of the boy's noddle. So he went to some of his doctors and got them to draw up a prescription, made up of thirtynine different articles, many of them bitter enough to some palates. This he tried to make Jonathan swallow; and finding he made villanous wry faces, and would not do it, fell upon him and beat him like fury. After this he made the house so disagreeable to him, that Jonathan, though as hard as a pine knot and as tough as leather, could bear it no longer. Taking his gun and his axe, he put himself in a boat and paddled over the mill-pond to some new lands to which the squire pretended some sort of claim, intending to settle them, and build a meetinghouse without a steeple as soon as he grew rich enough. When he got over, Jonathan found that the land was quite in a state of nature, covered with wood, and inhabited by nobody but wild beasts. But being a lad of mettle, 351 he took his axe on one shoulder and his gun on the other, marched into the thickest of the wood, and clearing a place, built a log hut. Pursuing his labours, and handling his axe like a notable woodman, he in a few years cleared the land, which he laid out into thirteen good farms: and building himself a fine frame house, about half-finished, began to be quite snug and comfortable. But Squire Bull, who was getting old and stingy, and, besides, was in great want of money, on account of his having been made to pay swinging damages for assaulting his neighbours and breaking their heads,—the squire, I say, finding Jonathan was getting well to do in the world, began to be very much troubled about his welfare; so he demanded that Jonathan should pay him a good rent for the land which he had cleared and made good for something. He trumped up I know not what claim against him, and under different pretences managed to pocket all Jonathan's honest gains. In fact, the poor lad had not a shilling left for holyday occasions; and had it not been for the filial respect he felt for the old man, he would certainly have refused to submit to such imposition. But for all this, in a little time, Jonathan grew up to be very large of his age, and became a tall, stout, double-jointed, broadfooted cub of a fellow, awkward in his gait and simple in his appearance; but show ing a lively, shrewd look, and having the promise of great strength when he should get his full growth. He was rather an oddlooking chap, in truth, and had many queer ways; but every body that had seen John Bull saw a great likeness between them, and swore he was John's own boy, and a true chip of the old block. Like the old squire, he was apt to be blustering and saucy, but in the main was a peaceable sort of careless fellow, that would quarrel with nobody if you only let him alone. He used to dress in homespun trousers with a huge bagging seat, which seemed to have nothing in it. This made people to say he had no bottom; but whoever said so lied, as they found to their cost whenever they put Jonathan in a passion. He always wore a linsey-woolsey coat that did not above half cover his breech, and the sleeves of which were so short that his hand and wrist came out beyond them, looking like a shoulder of mutton. All which was in consequence of his growing so fast that he outgrew his clothes. While Jonathan was outgrowing his strength in this way, Bull kept on picking his pockets of every penny he could scrape together; till at last one day when the squire was even more than usually pressing in his demands, which he accompanied with threats, Jonathan started up in a furious passion, and threw the TEA-KETTLE at the old man's head. The choleric Bull was hereupon exceedingly enraged; and after calling the poor lad an undutiful, ungrateful, rebellious rascal, seized him by the collar, and forthwith a furious scuffle ensued. This lasted a long time; for the squire, though in years, was a capital boxer, and of most excellent bottom. At last, however, Jonathan got him under, and before he would let him up, made him sign a paper giving up all claim to the farms, and acknowledging the fee-simple to be in Jonathan forever. The Diverting History of John Bull and WILLIAM ELLERY CHAN- an eminent Unitarian preacher and excellent SELF-CULTURE. and a reverential love of truth. In selecting books we may be aided much by those who have studied more than ourselves. But, after all, it is best to be determined in this particular a good deal by our own tastes. The best books for a man are not always those which the wise recommend, but oftener those which meet the peculiar wants, the natural thirst of his mind, and therefore awaken interest and rivet thought. And here it may be well to observe, not only in regard to books, but in other respects, that self-culture must vary with the individual. All means do not equally suit us all. A man must unfold himself freely, and should respect the peculiar gifts or biases by which nature has distinguished him from others. Self-culture does not demand the sacrifice of individuality. It does not regularly apply an established machinery, for the sake of torturing every man into one rigid shape, called perfection. As the human countenance, with the same features in us all, is diversified without end in the race, and is never the same in any two individuals, so the human soul, with the same grand powers and laws, expands into an infinite variety of forms, and would be wofully stinted by modes of culture requiring all men to learn the same lesson, or to bend to the same rules. It is chiefly through books that we enjoy intercourse with superior minds, and these invaluable means of communication are in the reach of all. In the best books great I know how hard it is to some men, espemen talk to us, give us their most precious cially to those who spend much time in manthoughts, and pour their souls into ours. ual labour, to fix attention on books. Let God be thanked for books! They are the them strive to overcome the difficulty by voices of the distant and the dead, and make choosing subjects of deep interest, or by us heirs of the spiritual life of past ages. reading in company with those whom they Books are the true levellers. They give to love. Nothing can supply the place of all who will faithfully use them, the society, books. They are cheering or soothing comthe spiritual presence, of the best and great- panions in solitude, illness, affliction. The est of our race. No matter how poor I am. wealth of both continents would not comNo matter though the prosperous of my pensate for the good they impart. Let every own time will not enter my obscure dwell- man, if possible, gather some good books ing. If the Sacred Writers will enter and under his roof, and obtain access for himtake up their abode under my roof, if Mil-self and family to some social library. ton will cross my threshold to sing to me of Almost any luxury should be sacrificed to Paradise, and Shakspeare to open to me the this. worlds of imagination and the workings of the human heart, and Franklin to enrich me with his practical wisdom, I shall not pine for want of intellectual companionship, and I may become a cultivated man, though excluded from what is called the best society in the place where I live. One of the very interesting features of our times is the multiplication of books, and their distribution through all conditions of society. At a small expense, a man can now possess himself of the most precious treasures of English literature. Books, once confined to a few by their costliness, are now accessible to the multitude; and in this way a change of habits is going on To make this means of culture effectual, a man must select good books, such as have been written by right-minded and strong-in society, highly favourable to the culture minded men, real thinkers, who, instead of diluting by repetition what others say, have something to say for themselves, and write to give relief to full, earnest souls; and these works must not be skimmed over for amusement, but read with fixed attention of the people. Instead of depending on casual rumour and loose conversation for most of their knowledge and objects of thought; instead of forming their judg ments in crowds, and receiving their chief excitement from the voice of neighbours ; WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING. 353 use whatever is thought and discovered over the whole earth. The whole mass of human knowledge should exist among a people, not in neglected libraries, but in its higher minds. Among its most cherished institutions should be those which will ensure to it ripe scholars, explorers of ancient learning, profound historians and mathematicians, intellectual labourers devoted to physical and moral science, and to the creation of a refined and beautiful literature. men are now learning to study and reflect alone, to follow out subjects continuously, to determine for themselves what shall engage their minds, and to call to their aid the knowledge, original views, and reasoning of men of all countries and ages; and the results must be a deliberation and independence of judgment, and a thoroughness and extent of information unknown in former times. The diffusion of these silent teachers-books-through the whole community is to work greater effects than artillery, ma- Let us not be misunderstood. We have chinery, and legislation. Its peaceful agency no desire to rear in our country a race of is to supersede stormy revolutions. The cul- pedants, of solemn triflers, of laborious comture, which is to spread, whilst an unspeak-mentators on the mysteries of a Greek acable good to the individual, is also to become cent or a rusty coin. We would have men the stability of nations. explore antiquity, not to bury themselves in Another means of self culture is to free its dust, but to learn its spirit, and so to ourselves from the power of human opinion commune with its superior minds as to accuand example, except as this is sanctioned mulate on the present age the influence of by our own deliberate judgment. We are whatever was great and wise in former times. all prone to keep the level of those we live What we want is, that those among us whom with, to repeat their words, and dress our God has gifted to comprehend whatever is minds as well as bodies after their fashion; now known, and to rise to new truths, may and hence the spiritless tameness of our find aids and institutions to fit them for their characters and lives. Our greatest danger high calling, and may become at once springs is not from the grossly wicked around us, of a higher intellectual life to their own but from the worldly, unreflecting multi-country, and joint workers with the great tude, who are borne along as a stream by of all nations and times in carrying forward foreign impulse, and bear us along with their race. them. Even the influence of superior minds may harm us, by bowing us to servile acquiescence and damping our spiritual activity. The great use of intercourse with other minds is to stir up our own, to whet our appetite for truth, to carry our thoughts beyond their old tracks. We need connections with great thinkers to make us thinkers too. One of the chief arts of self-culture is to unite the childlike teachableness, which gratefully welcomes light from every human being who can give it, with manly resistance of opinions, however current, of influences however generally revered, which do not approve themselves to our deliberate judg ment. On Self-Culture: Channing's Complete ON NATIONAL LITERATURE. We maintain that a people which has any serious purpose of taking a place among improved communities, should sedulously promote within itself every variety of intellectual exertion. It should resolve strenuously to be surpassed by none. It should feel that mind is the creative power through which all the resources of nature are to be turned to account, and by which a people is to spread its influence, and establish the noblest form of empire. It should train within itself men able to understand and to We know that it will be said that foreign scholars, born under institutions which this country cannot support, may do our intellectual work, and send us books and learning to meet our wants. To this we have much to answer. In the first place, we reply that, to avail ourselves of the higher literature of other nations, we must place ourselves on a level with them. The products of foreign machinery we can use, without any portion of the skill that produced them. But works of taste and genius, and profound investigations of philosophy, can only be estimated and enjoyed through a culture and power corresponding to that from which they sprung. In the next place, we maintain that it is an immense gain to a people to have in its own bosom, among its own sons, men of distinguished intellect. Such men give a spring and life to a community by their presence, their society, their fame; and, what deserves remark, such men are nowhere so felt as in a republic like our own; for here the different classes of society flow together and act powerfully on each other, and a free communication, elsewhere unknown, is established between the gifted few and the many. It is one of the many good fruits of liberty that it increases the diffusiveness of intellect; and accordingly a free country is, above all others, false to itself in withhol ling from its superior minds the means of THOMAS CHALMERS, D.D., born at Anstruther, Fifeshire, 1780, after enlargement. We next observe-and we think the observation important-that the facility with which we receive the literature of foreign countries, instead of being a reason for neglecting our own, is a strong motive for its cultivation. We mean not to be paradoxical, but we believe that it would be better to admit no books from abroad than to make them substitutes for our own intellectual activity. The more we receive from other countries, the greater the need of an original literature. A people into whose minds the thoughts of foreigners are poured perpetually, needs an energy within itself to resist, to modify, this mighty influence, and, without it, will inevitably sink under the worst bondage, will become intellectually tame and enslaved. We have certainly no desire to complete our restrictive system by adding to it a literary non-intercourse law. We rejoice in the increasing literary connection between this country and the old world; but sooner would we rupture it than see our country sitting passively at the feet of foreign teachers. It were better to have no literature than form ourselves unresistingly on a foreign one. The true sovereigns of a country are those who determine its mind, its modes of thinking, its tastes, its principles; and we cannot consent to lodge. this sovereignty in the hands of strangers. A country, like an individual, has dignity and power only in proportion as it is self-formed. There is a great stir to secure to ourselves the manufacturing of our own clothing. We say, let others spin and weave for us, but let them not think for us. A people whose gov- "As specimens of sacred eloquence, sound phiernment and laws are nothing but the em-losophy, and as impressive exhibitions of evangelibodying of public opinion, should jealously cal truth and duty, his works will doubtless be read guard this opinion against foreign dictation. as long as the English language is understood."— We need a literature to counteract, and to DR. E. WILLIAMS. use wisely, the literature which we import. We need an inward power proportionate to that which is exerted on us, as the means of self-subsistence. It is particularly true of a people whose institutions demand for their support a free and bold spirit, that they should be able to subject to a manly and independent criticism whatever comes from abroad. These views seem to us to deserve serious attention. We are more and more a reading people. Books are already among the most powerful influences here. The question is, shall Europe, through these, fashion us after its pleasure? Shall America be only an echo of what is thought and written under the aristocracies beyond the ocean? On National Literature: Channing's Complete Works. INEFFICACY OF MERE MORAL PREACHING. And here I cannot but record the effect of an actual though undesigned experiment which I prosecuted for upwards of twelve years amongst you. For the greater part of that time I could expatiate on the meanness of dishonesty, on the villany of falsehood, on the despicable arts of calumny,-in a word, upon all those deformities of character which awaken the natural indignation of the human heart against the pests and the disturbers of human society. Now, could I, upon the strength of these warm expostulations, have got the thief to give up his stealing and the evil speaker his censoriousness, and the liar his deviations from truth, I should have felt all the repose of one who has gotten his ultimate object. It never occurred to me that all this might have been done, and yet every soul of every hearer have remained in full alienation from God; and that even |
