the viper in secret. Romuald, full of sorrow, The bystander, however, who was so ready to cry, "off with her head," met his reward: “To whom the most blessed Barbatus turned and said: 'Because you try to assist the devil, you shall be the servant of the devil.' At once the man was seized with the devil, and began to writhe in anguish. And then the bishop added: There shall never be a time when some of your descendants shall not be tormented with a devil.' And even now his descendants are always found to be vexed with an evil spirit." Of the history of the Lombards as a whole we have as yet no good general study, though there are valuable studies of special portions of it such as those by Abel, Pabst, and Hirsch. We may, perhaps, gather from a passage in the work now before us that Dr. Dahn is about to do for the Lombards what he has already so ably done for the Ostrogoths. Such a history is much to be desired, and Professor Waitz has done a great deal to lighten the work of future labourers in this field. He modestly hopes that his collection will be found valuable "not only by the Germans, but also by the descendants of the ancient Lombards and Italians who have now at length been united into one people." It cannot be doubted that his work will be of supreme usefulness to all students, in whatever country, of the early mediaeval history of Italy. Estelle. wood. ARTHUR H. D. ACLAND. NEW NOVELS. By the Author of "Four Messengers. In Two Volumes. (London: George Bell & Sons, 1878.) Paul Knox, Pitman. By John Bewick HarIn Three Volumes. (London: R. Bentley & Son, 1878.) Her Father's Child. By Mrs. W. R. Snow. (London: Remington & Co., 1878.) THE writer of Estelle, already known for commendable work, has chosen a theme in this, her latest story, which is in a great degree unfamiliar to the ordinary English reader, namely, the inner life of a cultured middle-class Jewish family, whose members are habitually brought into friendly contact with Gentiles. She writes as though herself a member of just such a household, and thus, albeit the interval of mere literary power between Estelle and Daniel Deronda is enormous, the newer story reads like a more trustworthy narrative, a truer record of facts, set down by a sympathetic pen, than the brilliant tour de force which has treated. modern Judaism from without as just so much raw material to be worked up into artistic effects. And although there is infant waif-this time the child of an un- The aim, if any, in writing Her Father's Child, seems to have been to point out the inequality of pressure caused by the working of the Divorce Act, which leaves a woman, whom her husband has deserted in order to live with some one else, at a great disadvantage when compared with a man similarly quitted by his wife; inasmuch as not only is the fact of her being deserted taken as a presumption against her character, so as to prevent her from obtaining situations, but the remedy under the Act is much less accessible to her. The book, however, is dull, and, in attempting realism, has more than a flavour of coarseness about it, by no means pleasant. Apart from this fault, there is a quite superfluous degree of imbecility attributed to the heroine, who breaks off an engagement because believing, on the evidence of a profile seen through a blind, that Paul Knox, Pitman, though not a novel of her lover is the evening visitor of the scarcely much originality or mark, is a distinct dubious occupant of a neighbouring cottage advance on the coarse and flaring sen- orné, and that, although the marked likesationalism of the writer's two previousness he bears to the reprobate of the story stories, Lady Flavia and Lord Lynn's Wife, is perfectly well known to her, though she whose element of cleverness did not atone nearly hunts the said reprobate, an old acfor their lack of taste. The present book quaintance, down, and hears a familiar oath belongs to a better school, and albeit tokens from his lips, and though he deserts his wife of inexperience in an unaccustomed style are and goes off with the adventuress a few visible, yet Mr. Harwood will do well to days later. Nevertheless, the guiltless lover persevere in this rather than in his former is not acquitted and reinstated till the road, and he can at any rate be credited with address of the former occupant of the the study of good models. His hero is a cottage, in the handwriting of the other blend of Paul Tregarva and Felix Holt, man, is found in a blotter, nor does so much a stalwart, intellectual, almost refined as a suspicion of the true state of the case Methodist collier, willing to abide in his dawn till then on the heroine's mind. The class, though able to rise socially above it. story is a poor specimen of a very inferior The plot is a variant of one which has been school. RICHARD F. LITTLEDALE. treated many hundreds, not to say thousands, of times before, namely, the finding of an CURRENT LITERATURE. Non-Christian Religious Systems. Hinduism, by Prof. Monier Williams. Buddhism, by T. W. Rhys Davids. Islam, by J. W. H. Stobart. (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.) That a society for promoting Christian knowledge should publish three volumes on "non-Christian religious systems" is a significant fact, and it is even more significant that two of these volumes at least should have been placed in the hands of thoroughly competent scholars and independent investigators. The volumes on Buddhism and Hinduism are at once clear, comprehensive, and sympathetic, and distinguished by the accuracy we should expect from their authors. Of the two, that on Buddhism is perhaps the best; indeed, we do not know of any other work from which so fair and complete an account can be obtained of that wonderful religion which has so much in common with Christianity, and numbers more adherents than any other religion in the world. We cannot speak so highly of the volume on Islâm. The author's information is given at second rather than at first hand, and yet he writes with a dogmatic assurance seldom found in the works of genuine scholars. His treatment neither of Muhammad nor of the religion he founded is impartial, and this is particularly unfortunate at the present time, and wisest and best of the Hindus." The Society Aus vier Jahrhunderten niederländisch-deutscher deductions, every scholar will protest against his unwarrantable practice of quoting passages from the Calendars of State Papers as if they formed part of original documents. The editors of those Calendars perform a work the value of which it is difficult to overestimate. But they would be the first to object to see their abstracts in the third person copied out as if they proceeded from the pen of the writer of the despatch before them. It need not be said that Mr. Hill has no intention to deceive, and that the truth is evident to any one in the slightest degree familiar with such matters. But when he says that Chichester writes so and so, which he places between inverted commas, or comments upon the style in which a letter is written, as in page 222, which has been manipulated by some one else before it reached him, all that can be said is that it is to be hoped he will find few imitators in so slovenly a practice. Mr. Hill, in fact, has not taken the trouble to bring to light from MS. sources the materials which exist. His work is mainly a compilation from printed books, and he even reprints Pynnard's Survey, which was published twice in the last century, without collating it with the MS. DR. H. BAUMANN, assistant-keeper of the Donaueschingen Records, has lately published two works of considerable importance for the history of the German Revolution of 1525; the one, Quellen zur Geschichte des Bauernkrieges in Oberschwaben (Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart), containing a number of chronicles and other historiographical records little, if at all, known until now; the other, Akten zur Geschichte des deutschen Bauernkrieges aus Oberschwaben (Freiburg), containing documents of all kinds derived from numerous South-German archives bearing upon the grievances of the peasants, the measures taken by the Governments, the treaties between the insurgents and their lords, &c. Many of these documents might with advantage have been left out or abridged, but no one can deny Dr. Baumann's claim to our lively acknowledgment for his diligence and skill. when an accurate statement of the true nature and tendencies of Muhammadanism is greatly wanted. The tall talk, too, in which he occasionally indulges contrasts unfavourably with the critical calmness of Mr. Rhys Davids and Prof. Monier Williams. The volume on Buddhism will no doubt prove the most interesting to the majority of readers, to whom many of the facts it contains will be extremely startling. It seems strange at first sight that a religion which is based on atheism should not only have attracted so many followers but should also inculcate so pure and sublime a morality, and have succeeded in producing saints, missionaries, and martyrs who may bear comparison with those of our own creed. Nothing can be more touching than the sayings of the Dharmapada or the lives of men like the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Hiouen-thsang. Like Christianity, however, Buddhism has accommodated itself to the beliefs and practices of the peoples to whom it has been preached, and Mr. Rhys Davids tells us that "many of the Ceylonese so-called Buddhists, for instance, take their oaths in court as Christians, and most of them believe also in devil-worship and in the power of the stars." He gives a very clear account of the Nirvana, which is the goal of every Buddhist and the sanction of his morality. Nirvana is not annihilation, since the saint may live on after having obtained it; it is rather the extinction of that sinful, grasping condition of mind and heart which is the root of all evil and the cause of renewed existence and consequent misery. The volume contains a very good account of the life of dynasty, having been originally a monument of mentalism, appeals to first principles, &c., &c., were Buddha-so far as it can be detached from the old solar myths which have fastened upon it-as well as of the Buddhist beatitudes, sermons and other curious parallels of Christianity. Prof. Monier Williams's Hinduism is equally a storehouse of information. The Hindu Scriptures and Sects, their idol-worship and philosophy, their doctrines and history, are all presented to us in a compact and lucid form. Those who wish to know the thoughts and beliefs of our Indian fellow-subjects cannot do better than study this little book. And it is only by knowing the thoughts and beliefs of the Hindu that we shall ever learn how to govern India aright, and to guide and educate its inhabitants. Prof. Monier Williams agrees with Mr. Rhys Davids in regarding Hinduism and Buddhism as less antagonistic than has usually been supposed. Buddha's whole training, in fact, "was Brahmanism; he probably deemed himself to be the most correct exponent of the spirit, as distinct from the letter, of the ancient faith; and it can only be claimed for him that he was the greatest timed little book. Cooper. (Samuel Bagster and Sons.) This is a well Paris, which was erected by Ramses II. A HISTORY of the Plantation of Ulster from (A. Hall and Co.) is one of a class of books which MR. THOMAS CRADDOCK's essay on Rousseau have something rather pathetic about them. They are usually the work of some well-meaning and studious, but not very cultivated or clear-sighted, man who has fallen into a misunderstanding, and nobody in his senses ever denied, or to disprove is busying himself to prove something which something which nobody in his senses ever as serted. Mr. Craddock's particular windmill is. what he calls the habit of "crediting Rousseau with the French Revolution." He seems to think that those critics who magnify the influence of Jean-Jacques on that event are of opinion that but lution at all, and that its characteristics of senti for him there would have been no French Revo visible for the first time in Rousseau. So he sets himself very innocently to show that there were other causes for the Revolution, and that Hobbes, Locke, and a dozen other people had anticipated a great many of Rousseau's sayings and thinkings. As he quotes Mr. Morley's precise limitations of Rousseau's influence to "doing more than anyone else at once to give direction to the first episodes. of revolution and force to the first episodes of reaction," his ignoratio elenchi is particularly surprising. But the nature of Mr. Craddock's mind is perhaps best shown by his inability to reconcile the assertion that Rousseau "had reverence for the loftiness of duty," with another assertion that he "never felt duty as a bond." Did Mr. Craddock never hear of Ovid, St. Paul, and a good many other people, who could not adjust their theory and their practice? In the course of his book he has occasion to tell over again, chiefly from the Confessions, the history of Rousseau's life, but it cannot. be said that he throws much additional light on it. As for his literary judgments, it is perhaps sufficient to say that he regards Byron's Heaven A NEW periodical, devoted to the cause of education, and entitled Revue Pédagogique, has lately been established at Paris under the direction of M. Ch. Hanriot. WE understand that Mr. Ashton W. Dilke is engaged upon a translation of Tourguéniéf's last novel, Nov, or "Virgin Soil," which will be published soon after Easter by Messrs. Macmillan and Co. MESSRS. MACMILLAN AND CO. have in the press a new work by Prof. Fawcett, M.P., entitled Free Trade and Protection, with Special Reference to the Causes which since the Introduction of Free Trade in England have retarded its Progress in other Countries. MESSRS. C. KEGAN PAUL AND Co. are about to publish a book on the Theory of Logic, by Mr. Carveth Read. It is an attempt to show the objective character of the science. WE hear that Mr. Matthew Arnold has made a selection from Johnson's Lives of the British Poets, designed to meet the needs of students of English literature who want a good history of the poetical literature from Waller to Gray. The volume, which will contain a preface from Mr. Arnold's pen, will be published about Whitsuntide by Messrs. Macmillan and Co. MR. WEDMORE has written, specially for the next number of Temple Bar, an article on Cruikshank, dealing in chief with such artistic merits in the works of the veteran artist as he believes to have been thus far but scantily recognised by the public that has long appreciated that which is mainly caricature. THE Nuova Antologia for March has an article by Signor Bonghi on "Leo XIII. and his Predecessors of the same Name." After a review of the careers of the Leos he points out that the first nine Popes of that_name exercised no temporal power, while Leo X. exercised it to the great prejudice of the spiritual power, and Leo XII. brought it to its ruin by showing that it was opposed to the wishes of the people. Signor Bonghi hopes that this recognition of the incompatibility of temporal and spiritual power may have influenced the present Pope in the choice of his name. Signor de Gubernatis has an interesting article on "The Russian Woman," in which he defends Russian ladies from the character ordinarily assigned to them in French novels and on the stage; he collects from contemporary history instances of their heroism, of their deep family affection, and of their moral worth. MR. SAMUEL R. GARDINER has been elected honorary student of Christ Church. THE Gentleman's Magazine for April will contain an article by Mr. Frederick A. Edwards on Mr. Stanley's recent exploration in Africa. MR. R. CUST's work on the Languages of the East Indies will appear about Easter. It will contain maps, bibliographical lists, and complete accounts, linguistic, historical, statistical, and geographical, of the multitudinous tribes of India, so far as can at present be known. A sample of the work has already been presented to the public in the language-maps published in the January number of the Geographical Magazine, and the last volume of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. DR. L. O. SKREFSRUD, who published a Grammar of the Sonthal Language in 1873, is engaged upon a valuable philological work. This is a Comparative Grammar of the Kolarian family of languages, of which Sonthal is a principal member. It purposes to do for this group of tongues what Bishop Caldwell's Comparative Dravidian Gram mar has done for the Dravidian dialects. WE are glad to hear that the Rev. A. J. Church, whose admirable Stories from Homer were pub lished by Messrs. Seeley last December, is engaged upon a companion volume of Stories from Virgil. 66 THE March number of the Theologisch Tijdschrift opens with a paper by the celebrated theologian Dr. J. H. Scholten, on the meaning of the expression λadeîv ydwoσais in 1 Corinthians. He concludes that yoσa means an obscure expression (following the usage of classical Greek). Some of the Corinthians in an ecstatic state expressed their highly-wrought feelings in unconnected discourses, made up of fragments of psalms, prayers, and exclamations, which were unprofitable to the hearer without an interpreter. Dr. Kuenen continues his series of papers on Pentateuch-criticism; Dr. Rauwenhoff discusses the rearrangement of theological studies, which has now become a practical question in Holland; Dr. Blom gives a new explanation of Gal. iii. 20; Dr. Scheffer continues the controversy on pessimism; and Dr. Tiele criticises, among other works, the handbooks on non-Christian religions published by the S. P. C. K. (for historical students, he will only recommend the manual on Buddhism, by Mr. Rhys Davids). THE restored Hebrew text of the Epistle to the Hebrews-or at least that which professes to be such-is about to be published by Dr. J. H. R. Biesenthal. The author professes to have cleared up many obscurities of the Greek text (e.g., ii. 13, vii. 4, ix. 16) by simply translating the Greek back into the language of the Mishna. He accepts the statement of Clemens Alexandrinus that the Epistle was written in Hebrew by Paul, and was translated by Luke into Greek for the use of Greek-speaking Christians. Subscribers' names to be sent to the author at Reudnitz bei Leipzig. DR. KARL WARNKE and Dr. Ludwig Proescholdt have just published at Halle a very careful and handsome edition, with full collations, of The Comedy of Mucedorus, 1598. The text is unfortunately modernised; but the Introduction is painstaking and sensible. The editors of course repudiate the notion of Shakspere having had any hand in the additions made to the play in 1610 to please James I. PROF. ZUPITZA says in the Anglia that he hopes soon to issue a critical edition of the Early English romances of Sir Isumbras, King Orpheo, and Athelstan. HENRIK IBSEN's new comedy, The Pillars of Society, recently reviewed in our columns, has been translated into German by E. Jonas, and is at the present moment either being played or rehearsed at no less than thirty German theatres. If English managers had any real enterprise they would secure a version of such a piece as this for the London stage. THE Cambridge University Commissioners have addressed an important communication to the Vice-Chancellor, which has been printed for the information of the Senate. In this statement they specify in some detail the main classes of objects for which the colleges will be requested to contribute pecuniary assistance to the University Chest These objects are briefly: 1. The erection of additional buildings; 2. The maintenance of such buildings, and also of the personal staff required in connexion with them; 3. The increase of the teaching power, both by the creation of new chairs and the augmentation of the stipends of existing professorships; 4. Grants for special work in the way of research, or for investigations conducted in any branch of learning or science connected with the studies of the University. Entire freedom is left to the individual colleges to determine for themselves the modes in which they will co-operate with the University in fulfilling these objects. But it is suggested that contributions should be made by the colleges as nearly as possible on a uniform scale throughout; and the commissioners roughly estimate that the needs of the University will ultimately require a sum equivalent to at least ten per cent. of the net income of the colleges. An extra number of the Journal of the Bombay branch of the Royal Asiatic Society contains a detailed report by Dr. G. Bühler of a tour in search of Sanskrit MSS. made in Kásmir, Rajputana, and Central India in 1875-76. One of the places visited was Khunmoh, a village beautifully situated on the slope of the hills, which was appropriately described by Bilhana as a coquettish embellishment of the bosom of Mount Himalaya." Dr. Bühler succeeded in purchasing for the Indian Government between eight and nine hundred manuscripts. MR. JOSEPH H. LONGFORD has compiled a valuable summary of the Japanese Penal Codes, which is printed in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. The Criminal Laws are comprised in two Codes, published in the years 1871 and 1873 respectively. The "Chief Points of the New Fundamental Laws" are subdivided into 192 sections, and the "Revised Fundamental and Supplementary Laws" into 318 sections. This is the punishment for wife-murder:-"A husband who kills a wife for using abusive language towards, or assaulting his parents or grandparents, instead of appealing to the authorities, shall, if information of his crime be given to the authorities by the parents, be punished by penal servitude for one year." The A NEW edition of Prof. Bentham's Handbook of the British Flora is in the press, and will shortly be issued by Messrs. L. Reeve and Co. same author having completed his Flora Australiensis, the final volume of which will be issued in a few days, is at work at his Genera Plantarum, a new part of which may be expected before long. AMID the cloud of pamphlets on Indian matters that have recently appeared, we would draw special attention to one by Mr. H. Luttman Johnson, of the Bengal Civil Service, entitled Indian Finance: a Short Sketch for Non-Indian Readers (Allen and Co). It is a relief to turn from crude theories and much fanciful speculation to this simple summary of facts and figures, which is calculated to give the ordinary reader a more accurate conception of the financial affairs of India than he probably possesses concerning those of his own country. But Mr. Johnson's little brochure is not a mere summary. The writer has evidently been at great pains so to arrange and analyse his materials that the lessons they teach should be presented in the most convincing guise; and he has added a running commentary of explanation and criticism, still further to drive the lessons home. The following are his practical conclusions:"The difficulties of increasing the revenue have been made too little of, while the difficulties of reducing the expenditure have been made too much of. Bengal, but not the rest of India, could bear increased taxation. Expenditure in Bombay is generally too high, as compared with the rest of India. The army might, with improved means of communication, be reduced. Lastly, a great saving might be effected by the substitution of native for European labour." The whole pamphlet should be read by all who care to penetrate beneath the surface of the dis cussion. THE Deutsche Rundschau for March has an article by Herr Bruno Bucher on "The Book as a Work of Art," which gives an historical survey of the artistic side of printing and binding, and bewails the falling-off noticeable within the last century in these points; the writer deprecates circulatinglibraries, and urges the formation in every household of a small and carefully-selected library of books well printed and well bound. Herr Cohn contributes a series of unpublished letters of Schiller, three of which are addressed to Jacobi. In the Rivista Europea of March 1, Signor Cesare Cantù begins a lively historical and literary sketch of Monti and his age. Signor Garollo continues his valuable paper on Theodoric, and brings down his history to the time of the coming of Theodoric into Italy. Signor Ugo Pesci has a careful article on the policy of the Medicean Grand-Dukes of Tuscany towards the Papal conclaves, in which he shows how the Medici used their power over the Church as a means of securing their political position in Italy. THE Revue Historique for March has an article "Cleon the Demagogue,' by M. Lantoine on which aims at taking an unprejudiced view of Cleon as a statesman. M. Lantoine discusses the value of Aristophanes as an authority, and then gives a survey of all that can be ascertained of Cleon's career; he concludes that Cleon followed in the steps of Pericles, though without the same moderation or political wisdom; that he pleased the people by his audacity, his patriotism, and his eloquence, for which they pardoned his extravagances, and, while taking him for their leader, tempered his policy by their own sagacity and moderation. M. Neuville finishes his paper on the "Parlement at Poitiers (1418-36); " and M. Sorel pursues his diplomatic studies on the Peace of Bâle, 1795. M. Combes publishes an account which he has discovered at Turin of the circumstances of the arrest of the Maréchal de Biron; the document is dated July, 1602, and had come through the hands of the Piedmontese chargé d'affaires at the Court of Henry IV., so that it may be regarded as almost an official account. M. Bougier, under the title of a "Volunteer of 1792," gives an account of General Chérin, with extracts from his letters. DR. ANDREA CRESTADORO, the chief librarian of the Manchester Free Library, has been appointed a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Cavaliere Crestadoro is best known in this country for the great and beneficial influence he has had upon provincial bibliography and library work generally, but he is also a writer on financial and scientific subjects. THE "Ethics of the Edda," by Karl Blind, is the title of a systematic treatment of the rules of life among the ancient Germanic nations, which will appear, with the addition of poetical passages, in the University Magazine for April. OBITUARY. THE death of Prof. Johann Alzog, at the age of sixty-nine, leaves Karl Josef Hefele, Bishop of Rottenburg, well-nigh the sole survivor of that group of distinguished Roman Catholic theologians in Germany who set themselves to do, in the domain of ecclesiastical history, what Klee, Pabst, and Dieringer essayed in that of dogma. His aim was to continue the traditions of that cultured and philosophical aspect of religion which is opposed to the innovating school of Maria-Laach, and to combine adherence to this national type of thought with loyal acceptance of his position as a member of the vast hierarchy culminating at Rome. This was no easy task, as the entire unacquaintance with the German language, not to say theology, which prevailed at the Vatican, and notably in the case of Pius IX. himself, as well as the manner in which the Ultramontane school, availing itself of certain deviations from the received terminology which appeared in the works of Günther, set itself to stamp out the older system with the full assent of the Pope, made concurrent action of the sort versal-Kirchengeschichte, are merely occasional, difficult at first, and impossible somewhat later. and of minor interest, though some valuable Prof. Alzog's life was an uneventful one, and articles in the great Kirchenlexicon der Kathomarked by no more noticeable episodes than the lischen Theologie of Wetzer and Welte-a far attainment of certain posts of duty and the pub-clopädie is as a Protestant dictionary-were conbetter book, by-the-by, than Herzog's Real-Encytributed by him as it was issued, under his eye and at least partial superintendence, at Freiburg, in 1847-9. His submission to the dominant party his influence, for that very moderation of his in his Church has not secured the permanence of Church History which made it a useful agent for conciliating Protestants inclined to listen to Möhler has made it in return unsuited to the new condition of things brought in since 1870, and it position as the accredited text-book for its subject is now being rapidly deposed from its former in the seminaries of Germany, and will ere long, there is little doubt, be branded with the stigma of impapisme. RICHARD F. LITTLEDALE. In In James Hain Friswell died at Fair Home, Bexley AFTER several years of patient suffering Mr. Heath, on the 12th instant. Born at Newport, Shropshire, in 1827, he was trained for the legal profession, but penned a satire "when he should engross." The business in which he spent several years of his after-life was almost equally irksome to him. His first essays in literature were contributed to the Puppet Show, a paper started in 1848 by Albert Smith and Angus B. Reach. 1854 he compiled a History of the Russian Empire, and in the following year edited a volume of Songs of the War. Diamonds and Spades (1858), Sham (1861), Daughter of Eve (1863), and One of Two (1871), are the titles of the chief novels the elements of enduring life. His volumes of which he published, but none of them possessed essays attained to greater popularity. The first series of The Gentle Life, originally published in 1864, has passed through more than a score of editions; the second series of The Gentle Life, About in the World (1864), Varia: Readings from Rare Books (1866), Other People's Windows: a (1875), were all favourably received by the readSeries of Sketches (1868), and The Better Self ing public as containing considerable information pleasantly reproduced. He edited reprints of Montaigne's Essays, Sidney's Arcadia, and RocheWriters (1869) and Modern Men of Letters foucauld's Maxims. His Essays on English Honestly Criticised (1870) were more agreeable to lication of a small number of works. Born at Ohlau in Silesia, in 1808, his diligence and success in theological study were such that as a mere youth of three-and-twenty he was named tutor in the seminary or training college at Cologne, three years before receiving priest's orders. 1835 he was promoted to a post of greater influence and importance, as Professor at Posen, where he held the united Chairs of Ecclesiastical History and Biblical Exegesis. It was during his tenure of office in that seminary that he produced the work by which he is best known, the Universalgeschichte der Christlichen Kirche, Lehrbuch für Akademische Vorlesungen, originally published in 1840 at Mainz, in a single volume of about 1150 pages, but changed in its ninth and latest edition of 1872 into a two-volume form. It would give no very inexact notion of this work (which is allied to the schools of Fleury and of Noel Alexandre rather than to that of Rohrbacher) to say that the problem Dr. Alzog set before himself was to do for the history of the Christian Church much what Mr. Green has done in his Short History of the English People, a book to which it bears more than one point of resemblance, in its breadth of general conception, skill in selecting and grouping salient epochs and incidents, and also, it must be acknowledged, in occasional marks of prejudice and too frequent inaccuracy of details. But the book fairly merited the success it attained, not only in its native Germany, but in several foreign countries, notably France, Italy, and America. The English version issued in the last-named country, however, is about eight or nine times as costly as the original, and no English edition has been so much as projected, one of the many tokens of that lack among the Roman Catholic body in this country of intellectual life, and of interest in the literary aspects of religion, which forms a frequent topic of complaint among their more cultured members. In 1845 Dr. Alzog was transferred from Posen, and made a Canon of Hildesheim and Principal of the Diocesan Seminary there, as also of the Educational Institute. In 1853 he migrated finally to Freiburg in Baden, where he held till his death the Chair his contact there with Von Hirscher, who revived of Theology in the University. It is possible that in a somewhat aggressive form the teaching of In 1864 he published a volume on the Life PorFebronius in the last century, and anticipated the traits of Shakspeare, and in the succeeding year a Old Catholic movement, may have produced some compilation of an Index of Familiar Words. His reaction in Dr. Alzog's mind from the views of own satirical and literary paper called The Censor Möhler's Symbolik, which he had previously main-enjoyed only a short life in 1868, but for many tained. Certain it is that during his later years his contributions have enriched the columns. years, at any rate after the severe rebuke of the of the best periodical literature, and were confamous Munich Congress of 1863, in which he tinued almost to the last day of his life. took part along with Dr. Von Döllinger and the then Abbat Haneberg, he yielded more and more to the pressure of the Ultramontane party, and though nominally at first a member of the Opposition during the Vatican Council, to which he was invited as a theologian at the special instance of Cardinal Schwartzenberg, precisely that he might serve as a counterpoise to Franzelin and the other Jesuit divines who sat on the preliminary commission, he took up almost immediately the least dignified or logical of all positions, that of the "Inopportunists," who admitted the abstract truth of the Infallibility dogma, but objected to the present expediency of defining it. This was his moral suicide, and from the date of his vote on February 11,1869, he ceased to be a personage of importance, save for the memory of past services, in the Catholic world. Besides his chief work, he was also later the author of a Handbuch der Patrologie, in which his power of presenting a complex subject as an integral whole in popular form reappears. It reached a second edition in 1876, and is a very convenient manual. His remaining writings, except the Grundriss der Uni his readers than to the victims whom he dissected. PROF. KARL LUDWIG ARNDTS, the eminent "Romanist," who for the last quarter of a century has held the Chair of Roman Law at Vienna, died in that city on March 1. He was born in 1803, at. Arnesberg in Westphalia, where members of his family had occupied high judicial posts for some generations past. His father was Geheimrath and Hofgerichtspräsident in the Grand-Duchy of Hesse. The son received his early schooling at the Gymnasium of Arnesberg, and studied afterwards at Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin. In 1837 he was appointed a Professor Extraordinary at Bonn, and two years later received at the same time invitations to Breslau and to Munich. He accepted the latter, and in 1844 was named a member of the Bavarian Gesetz-Commission, and was charged with the drawing-up of a plan for a new Bavarian Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch. His work was interrupted by the excitements of the revolutionary year. Dr. Arndts was elected as deputy for Straubing in the National Assembly at Frankfurt, where he ranged himself on the side of the "GrossDeutsch" party, but in May, 1849, he announced his exit. In 1855 he accepted the Professorship of Roman Law at Vienna; in 1867 was called to the Austrian Herrenhaus; and in 1871 was raised to the Ritterstand, with the title of Von Arnesberg, from his Westphalian birthplace. Arndts' activity, both as teacher and author, was directed mainly to Roman Law, and only in a less degree to French Civil Law, to civil process, and to the encyclopaedic range of legal science. He first became known in literature by his contributions to Weiske's Rechtslexicon für Juristen aller Deutschen Staaten (1839). His Juristische Encyclopädie und Methodologie has passed through five editions. An eighth edition of his Lehrbuch der Pandekten was published at Stuttgart in 1874. In union with Bluntschli and Pözl he edited the six volumes of the Kritische Ueberschau der Deutschen Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (Munich, 1853-1858). Earlier, in conjunction with Bethmann-Holweg, Böcking, and other jurists, he published a Corpus Juris Romani antejustiniani. From time to time he sent to press a number of academical orations and lectures, some of which, together with many contributions to serials, were collected in three volumes, and published at Stuttgart in 1874. His first wife, the accomplished Bertha Arndts, issued an edition of the sonnets of Vittoria Colonna with a German trans lation. After her death, he married the widow of Guido Görres. THE death is announced, on the 13th inst., at the early age of 41, of M. Camille de la Berge, an official in the cabinet of medals of the National Library. He was the author of a Memoir on the Roman Fleet, and had printed two theses, one in Latin on Byzantium, and one in French on the Reign of Trajan. He was also a contributor to the Revue Critique and the Revue Historique. A VERY singular person has lately died in Norway, in his 83rd year, Anders Eivindson Vang, a peasant who exhibited remarkable literary gifts, and who did not a little to assist the study of comparative mythology. He began life as a servant, and never rose beyond a humble office in the village school, but he published several very important collections of folk-music and folk-songs, the most curious of which appeared in 1850. In 1870 he brought out his autobiography, and in 1871 a remarkable volume of local legends. He lived entirely among the people, and supported himself partly by teaching, partly by breaking stones. NOTES OF TRAVEL. more As giving evidence of the continuance of the interest in African exploration awakened in Belgium two years ago by the Conference held at Brussels, we may note the appearance of a little work by M. Emile de Laveleye entitled L'Afrique Centrale (Brussels: Muquardt). In a popular way it goes over the subjects taken up in M. Banning's larger work issued last year by the same publishers: the objects of the Brussels Conference, the leading points of African geography and recent discovery, the slave trade, and the commercial importance of the continent. A sketch of the growth of Egyptian power in the Nile Valley and translations of some of Mr. Stanley's recent letters are appended. THE latest part of Guido Cora's Cosmos has for its leading paper a hydrographic sketch of Lake Titicaca, based chiefly on the researches of Agassiz aud Garman, Thompson and Pentland. Two interesting letters from Count Savorgnan de Brazza, from Adume on the Ogowé, bearing dates April and June, 1877, also appear. MR. L. G. SÉGUIN's Walks in Algiers and its Surroundings (Daldy, Isbister, and Co.) is certainly the fullest handbook for the use of travellers to this favourite winter resort that has yet appeared in English. Murray's Guide and M. Piesse's Itinéraire deal with the large area of the whole country; this book is devoted to the capital and its immediate vicinity. After some chapters on Algiers as a winter residence, in which the advantages and disadvantages of its climate are very fairly stated, on the way thither, and on the cost of living, Mr. Séguin gives a very interesting account of the native inhabitants of the city, and of its history up to the time of the French occupation and the Kabyle insurrection of 1871. From these he passes, in the latter part of the book, to descriptions of the city itself, and the points of interest which lie within easy reach of it all round. Besides his acquaintance gained by residence, the author has evidently made a very careful study of the literature of his subject-French, Spanish, and English-and his wellwritten book will doubtless find a much larger circle of readers than those who can take it with them as a guide. Two maps and a number of pretty woodcuts illustrate the work. number of the Church Missionary Record, Lieut. In concluding a letter, published in the current Shergold Smith, of the Nyanza Mission, refers to the great advantages offered by the Masai route from the coast to Lake Victoria, which we believe will not improbably be explored during the present year under the auspices of the African Exploration Fund Committee: : "has "One of Songoro's men here," he writes, traversed the Masai country twice. Eight years ago he did the distance from the borders of the Waruri's country to Tanga (south of Mombasa on the east coast) in twenty-four days, but says it has been done in fifteen. What a gain, could this route be made available! The chief difficulty is the hatred of the Masai to any stranger, white, black, or Arab colour Perhaps a traveller taking only a small escort, and but few stores to tempt the cupidity of the natives, could, by making sufficiently long stays at each village, dissipate the dislike and antagonism which result from ignorance and superstition. To pass hastily through would, I believe, be attended with much danger, for the native everywhere says 'If you were my friend you would stay with me, and not be so anxious to get away.' ends of any one party; the first attempt to form an independent judgment in art and literature, uninfluenced by the cliques which are ever ready to sacrifice scientific to personal interests. Sidney Sonnino and Leopoldo Franchetti, the founders of the new periodical, sufficiently attested their unprejudiced and independent point of view in their early writings. Sonnino's treatise on the Mezzeria in Toscana (first published in Hillebrand's Italia), and Franchetti's book on the Condizioni economiche ed amministrative delle Provincie Napoletane, formed an important beginning in the pursuit of studies on political economy, based on practical experience and exhaustive observations instead of the hypotheses on which they were formerly based in Italy. As Šonnino prepared himself by many years of familiar acquaintance with the state of the peasantry in Tuscany, and Franchetti by his extended travels in the southern provinces, they undertook also an exploration of Sicily before publishing their principal work, La Sicilia in 1876 "I Contadini in Sicilia," by Sonnino; "Le Franchetti): the most important attempt hitherto Condizioni economiche e amministrative," by made to solve an exceedingly difficult social problem. Among the articles on social questions which take a prominent part in the Rassegna, several deserve to be specially noticed. For we do not remember to have seen questions like those of the opere pie" and their very imperfect management, of the Municipality of Florence, of the state of the poor at Naples, treated so fairly and openly and with such clearness and impartiality in Italy. Not less excellent is the political part: articles on the religious question, on foreign politics, and on the administration of the interior. As for its literary and philosophical department the new periodical has much talent at its disposal. And as it is significant from a political point of view that the contributors of the Rassegna are utterly uninfluenced by the Camarilla and the parliamentary cliques of Rome, from a literary Dr. Kirk, H.M.'s Consul-General at Zanzibar, point of view the circumstance that it is published who lately went up the coast to Pangani, &c., in Florence is still more significant. For in litergives it as his opinion that the route from Mom-ature, art, and science, the old city of the Medici basa, or Tanga, is one of the most interesting as yet unexplored, but that to attempt it with any prospect of success, the traveller must first of all make himself acquainted with the Masai language. MESSRS. HARTLEBEN, of Vienna, Pesth, and Leipzig, have commenced the issue in parts of a work by Dr. Josef Chavanne, entitled Die Sahara: oder, Von Oase zu Oase, being pictures of nature and life in the Great Desert of Africa. MESSRS. BAILLIÈRE, of Paris, have just published a volume by M. Ph. Parlatore, entitled Etudes sur la Géographie Botanique de l'Italie. A GEOGRAPHICAL Society has just been established at Metz, at the first meeting of which an inauguratory address was delivered by Dr. Gerhard Rohlfs, the well-known African traveller. THE Société des Etudes Japonaises, Chinoises, Tartares, Indo-Chinoises, et Océaniennes, which forms one of the sections of the Institution Ethnographique at Paris, have newly issued a brief résumé of their proceedings in 1875-7. Among the contents will be found a paper on the notation of Japanese proper names by Imamura Warau, and some remarks by M. Ars. Mouqueron on the Boughi or Woughi language, which he describes as the "lingua franca de tout l'archipel d'Asie." still remains the intellectual capital of Italy. The Instituto di Studi Superiori, the Scuola delle Scienze Sociali, the Accademia delle Belle Arti possess many prominent members; and the Vieusseux Reading Room, with its library, the Circolo. Filologico, and other foundations form an important centre for the literary elements of the place. Among the articles of general interest which. have appeared in the columns of the Rassegna, we may call attention to the following:-Comparetti on Zeller's Reden und Aufsätze, Hillebrand on Herder; Barzellotti on Schopenhauer. Not less valuable are the poetical contributions, among which some of Giosuë Carducci may be specially noticed. NEW FACTS ABOUT MOLIÈRE. THERE seems to be no end to the snatches of information about Molière which diligent investigators bring to light. M. Benjamin Fillon, authorof Molière dans l'Ouest de la France, has just published a very interesting article, nominally on the coat of arms of the comedian, in the Gazettedes Beaux-Arts. Molière's device is sufficiently well known-a comic mask, instead of a helmet, presides over a shield in which are three mirrors of truth. The shield and mask occur in the portrait of Molière-an engraving of Nolin's after Mignard, and touched up by Edelinck-which Charles Perrault printed in his Hommes Illustres (1696– 1700, Iconographie Molièresque, No. 46). M. Poulet-Malassis reproduced the scutcheon in his Molière jugé par ses Contemporains (Paris, 1877). M. Fillon shows that Molière's daughter, Madame de Montalant, used the same device. He also prints, from Gabriel Quinet's edition of 1666 |
