5

2

3

4

nayas,1 Sunayas, Daśívidarbhas, Kántíkas, Tanganas, Paratangañas, northern and other fierce barbarians (Mlechchhas), Yavanas, 6 Chínas, Kámbo

3 Dadhividarbha; but three copies have Rishika. Great variety, and, no doubt, great inaccuracy, prevails in the MSS., in several of the names here given. They are not found elsewhere. * The reading of three copies is Kákas. There is a tribe so called on the banks of the Indus, as it leaves the mountains.

5 These and the following are mountaineers in the north-west. The former are placed, by the Puránas,* in the north; and the Váyu includes them also amongst the mountain tribes. The Rámáyana has Tankanas in the north.

6 The term Yavanas, although, in later times, applied to the Mohammedans, designated, formerly, the Greeks, as observed in the valuable notes on the translation of the Birth of Umá, from the Kumára Sambhava. (Journal As. Soc. of Bengal, July, 1833, p. 336.) The Greeks were known, throughout Western Asia, by the term i, Yavan; or Ion, 'Iάoves; the Yavana,, of the Hindus; or, as it occurs in its Prakrit form, in the very curious inscription deciphered by Mr. Prinsep, (Journal As. Soc. of Bengal, Feb., 1838, p. 159,) Yona: the term Yonarája being there associated with the name Antiochus, in all likelihood Antiochus the Great, the ally of the Indian prince Sophagasenas, about B. C. 210. That the Macedonian or Bactrian Greeks were most usually intended is not only probable, from their position and relations with India, but from their being usually named in concurrence with the north-western tribes, Kámbojas, Daradas, Páradas, Báhlíkas, Šakas, &c., in the Rámáyana, Mahábhárata, Puráñas, Manu, and in various poems and plays.

7 Chínas, or Chinese, or, rather, the people of Chinese Tar* As by the Márkańdeya, LVII., 41, in MSS.: only the Calcutta edition reads Tunganas. The same Puráňa, LVII., 56, has, in MSS., Tanganas among the mountain-tribes; for which the Calcutta edition exhibits Gurganas, Bengal recension, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIV., 20.

By the late Rev. Dr. W. H. Mill.

1

2

jas; ferocious and uncivilized races, Sakridgrahas, Kulatthas, Húnas,* and Párasikas; also Rama

3

tary, are named in the Rámáyana† and Manu, as well as in the Puránas. § If the designation China was derived from the Tsin dynasty, which commenced B. C. 260, this forms a limit of antiquity for the works in question. The same word, however, or Tsin, was the ancient appellation of the northern province of Shen-sy; and it may have reached the Hindus, from thence, at an earlier period. ||

These Wilford T regards as the people of Arachosia. They are always mentioned together with the north-western tribes, Yavanas, Šakas, and the like. ** They are also famous for their horses; and, in the Rámáyana,

with golden lotoses:

they are said to be covered

काञ्चनैः कमलैश्चापि काम्बोजानपि संवृतान् ।

What is meant is doubtful; probably, some ornament or embellishment of their dress. We have part of the name, or Kambi, in the Cambistholi of Arrian. The last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanskrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the Kamba or Kambis country. So Kámboja may be explained those born in Kamba or Kambas. §§ 2 Also Sakridwaha or Sakridguha.

3

Also Kulachchas and Kuntalas. The Puráňas have Kupathas amongst the mountain tribes.

*

* Also Párataka. The first is not a common form in the Pu

See my second note at p. 134, supra. †See my seventh note at p. 176, supra. + X., 44. § As in the Márkańdeya, LVII., 39.

|| See Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. I., p. 857; and the Translator's last note on Book IV., Chap III. of this work.

Asiatic Researches, Vol. VI., p. 516.

** They are thus associated in the Mahabharata, Vana-parvan, 12839, 12840; and in the Drona-parvan, 182.

++ See the Mahábhárata, Drona-parvan, 182.

++

Bengal recension, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIV., 14.

There they are

not named with the Yavanas and Śakas; but they are so named in the corresponding passage of the true Ramayana, Kish.-káńda, XLIII., 12. §§ ? For the Kambojas, see Original Sanskrit Texts, Part II., pp. 368–370° As the Márk., LVII., 56, in some MSS. The Calcutta ed. reads Kurus.

1

2

nas,1 Chínas, Daśamálikas, those living near the Kshattriyas, and Vaisyas and Súdras; also Sú

3

ránas, although it is in poetical writings; † denoting, no doubt, the Persians, or people of Pars or Fars. The latter, also read Páradas, may imply the same, as beyond (pára) the Indus.

1 We have Rámathas in Nakula's Dig-vijaya, § and in the Váyu and Matsya.

2 Daśamánas and Deśamánikas, in the north: Váyu and Matsya.

3 The passage occurs in the Vayu and Márkańdeya|| Puráńas, as well as in the Mahábhárata; but the purport is not very distinct, and the proper reading is doubtful. In three MSS. of the latter, it occurs :

क्षत्रियो योनिवेशाश्च वैश्यशूद्रानि कुलानि च ।

* Vide p. 133, 176, supra, for Rámas, Romas, Romans, &c. † As in the Raghuvaṁśa, IV., 60. There, as at p. 133, supra, we find Parasika, the ordinary form of the word. I have corrected Professor Wilson's "Párasika" in the text, as violating the metre of the original. "Páradas is used, in the Puranic lists, to represent people who live beyond the Indus; just as τà népa is used, in the Periplus of the Erythrean sea, to signify the ports beyond the straits." Sir H. M. Elliot, Historians of Muhammedan India, Vol. I., p. 36, third foot-note.

+

The Paradas figure, as a northern people, in the Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-kánda, XLIV., 13. And see p. 168, supra,

note 6.

At one time Professor Lassen considered it as "vix dubium" that the Paradas were the Parthians. See De Pentapotamia Indica, p. 61. Subsequently he was minded to identify them with the Пagura of Ptolemy. See Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. I., p. 525, second foot-note. But at p. 856, fifth foot-note, he finally came to think that they were the inhabitants of Παραδηνή.

§ Mahabharata, Sabhá-parvan, 1194. || LVII., 38.

With the exception of its printing

to which f

is preferable-separate, as if it were here a nominative masculine plural, the Calcutta edition has, and quite intelligibly:

क्षत्रियायोनिवेशाश्च वैश्यशूद्रकुलानि च ।

The people here spoken of are 'those who wear the garb of the offspring of Kshattriya mothers, and tribes of Vaisyas and Súdras.'

3

dras,1 Ábhíras, 2* Daradas, Káśmíras, with Pat

The latter páda is the same in all: the former, in a fourth copy, is क्षत्रियोपरिकेशाश्च । In two copies of the Váyu, it is क्षत्रियोNone of these are intelligible; and the Márkańdeya furnishes the reading followed, futufaâua| Modern geographers have supposed the Cathæi, Cathari, and Chatriæi of the ancients, in the lower parts of the Punjab, to mean a people of Kshattriyas; but no such people occur directly named in our lists. Considering that the text is speaking of barbarous and foreign tribes, perhaps no particular nation is here meant; and it may be intended as an epithet of those which follow, or of Vaisya (agricultural) and Śúdra (servile or low) tribes, living either near to, or after the manner of, Kshattriyas. In that case, a better

reading would be:

क्षत्रियोपनिवेशानि वैश्यशूद्रकुलानि च ।

According to Manu, various northern tribes, the Kambojas, Šakas, Páradas, Pahlavas, Kirátas, Daradas, and Khasas, and even the Chínas and Yavanas, † are degraded Kshattriyas, in consequence of neglecting religious rites: X., 43, 44. According to the Pauráńik legend, they were overcome in war by Sagara, and degraded from their original caste. See Book IV. §

Here we have a people called Śúdras by all the authorities, and placed in the west or north-west, towards the Indus. They have been, ingeniously and with probability, conjectured, by Mr. Lassen, ¶ to be the Oxydracæ; for Śúdraka is equally correct with

* See the Translator's fourth note at p. 168, supra.

+ The Pauńdrakas, Audras, and Dravidas are named with them. But none of them are called "northern tribes."

The reading Audras is doubtful. Some MSS. have Andras, which is, perhaps, an error for Andhras.

On the subject of southern tribes considered as degraded, see Original Sanskrit Texts, Part I., p. 177; Part II., pp. 268, 439, 440. § Chapter III., ad finem.

See the Mahábhárata, Drońa-parvan, 183.

¶ See his De Pentapotamia Indica, pp. 26, 27; Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandės, Vol. III., pp. 199, et seq.; Indische Alterthums

tis,* Khaśíras, Antacháras (or borderers), Pahna

Śúdra; and, in place of 'O§vdgázat, various MSS. of Strabo, as quoted by Siebenkees, read Σιδράκαι and Συδράκαι. The latter is precisely the Sanskrit appellation. Pliny also has Sudraci for the people who formed the limit of Alexander's eastern conquests, or those hitherto inaccurately called Oxydracæ.

"These are always conjoined with the Súdras, as if conterminous. Their situation is, no doubt, correctly indicated, by Ptolemy, by the position of Abiria, above Pattalene on the Indus. +

3 The Durds are still where they were at the date of our text, and in the days of Strabo and Ptolemy; not exactly, indeed, at the sources of the Indus, but along its course, above

kunde, Vol. I., p. 800; Vol. II., pp. 155, 158, 168-172, 669, 872. Also see Professor Wilson's Essays, Analytical, &c., Vol. I., p. 291, first foot-note.

M. V. de Saint-Martin would identify the Śúdras with the Sodri and the Sohdas. See his Étude sur la Géog. Grecque, &c., pp. 152, 162.

*Some idea of the real state of the case may be formed from my first foot-note at p. 133, supra. To what is there remarked it may be added that, while we find the Abhiras mentioned, in the Mahábhárata, as in the Sabhá-parvan, 1192, along with the Súdras, we see them named between the Paradas and the Kitavas, Sabhá-parvan, 1832; in company with the Suras, Vana-parvan, 12840; and between the Dravidas and the Pundras, Áswamedhika-parvan, 832.

The term of the Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIII., 19,-where the southern tribes are enumerated is rendered, by Signor Gorresio, "le sedi dei Sûrâbhîri". That is to say, the translator, after the precedent of M. Langlois, has here fused together the Súras and the Abhiras.

-

In the book and chapter just referred to, stanza 5, the Bhadras and the Abhiras occur side by side.

See Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol. I., pp. 798, 799; also M. V. de Saint-Martin's Étude sur la Géog. Grecque, &c., p. 161.

We read of the Daradas in the Bengal recension of the Rámáyana, Kishkindhá-kánda, XLIV., 15. The corresponding passage in the real Rámáyana, viz., Kishkindhá-káńda, XLIII., 12, has, instead, Varadas.