slaves, &c. to be delivered

sequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged Runaway from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may up. be due.

SECTION 3.

1. New states may be admitted by the congress into this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the congress.

New states

may be admitted into the union, &c.

Congress to have power over territory, &c. Claims of the states, &c.

2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or not to be prejudiced. of any particular state.

SECTION 4.

1. The United States shall guaranty to every state in Republican this union a republican form of government, and shall form of goprotect each of them against invasion; and, on applica- vernment guaranteed to tion of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the each state, &c. legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE 5.

constitution.

1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses Mode of ashall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to mending this this constitution; or, on the application, of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress; provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article: and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.*

ARTICLE 6.

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as

[See ante, art. 1, sec. 3, clause 1.]

Assumption of debts incurred under the

confederation.

This constitution, acts of

congress, and treaties, the supreme law, &c. The state

valid against the United States under this 'constitution, as under the confederation.

2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound therejudges bound by; any thing in the constitution, or laws of any state, thereby. to the contrary notwithstanding.

eath, or affirmation, to sup

Senators, re3. The senators and representatives before mentionpresentatives, ed, and the members of the several state legislatures, &c. bound by and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath, or affirmation, to support this constitution: but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under the United States.

port this con

stitution.

No religious test.

Ratification of nine states

ARTICLE 7.

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states sufficient, &c. shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven, and of the independence of the United States of America, the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- Congress proment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- hibited from of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; interfering or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

ARTICLE 2.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

ARTICLE 3.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 4.

w

with religion,
with freedom
of speech, of
the press, and
the right of
petition.
Right of the
people to keep

and bear
arms, &c.

No soldier to be quartered in any house, during peace, without consent, &c.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, No searchhouses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search- warrant to ises and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants sue, except on shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath probable or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to &c. be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

ARTICLE 5.

cause, oath,

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or No person to otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or be held to anindictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the swer for a land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be de

crime, unless on presentment, &c. except in the forces, nor to answer for the

land or naval

same offence twice, &c.

Assurance of speedy and public trial by jury, &c. in criminal prosecutions.

Right of trial by jury in suits

at common

law, above the

value of 20 dollars, &c.

Excessive bail

prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

ARTICLE 6.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

ARTICLE 7.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE 8.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive and unjust and cruel punish- fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inments, prohi- flicted. bited.

Rights enumerated, not to disparage

those retained.

Powers not delegated, &c. are reserved to the states or people.

Restriction of

ARTICLE 9.

The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE 10.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

ARTICLE 11.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be judicial pow-construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, comers. [See ante, art. 3, sec. 2, menced or prosecuted against one of the United States, clause 1.) by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

Actual mode

ARTICLE 12.

of electing the 1. The electors shall meet in their respective states, president and and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one vice-president of the United of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots

States.

the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote: a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states, shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death, or other constitutional disability, of the president.

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.

ARTICLE 13.

the accept

If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, Citizenship receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall, forfeited by without the consent of congress, accept and retain any ance, from a present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind what- foreign power, ever, from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, of any title of such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United nobility, office States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of or emolument of any kind, trust or profit under them, or either of them.

&c.