and who has been a practicing lawyer eight years, or whose service upon the bench of any court of record, when added to the time he may have practiced law, shall be equal to eight years. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State and shall hold their offices during the term of eight years from the date of their commission; but at the first meeting of the court after the first election under this Constitution the judges shall by lot divide themselves into three classes, one of which shall hold his office for four, one for six and the other for eight years, after which each judge shall be elected for a full term of eight years. A record shall be made in the court of this classification.

Sec. 7. The Supreme Court shall appoint its clerk and reporter, who shall hold their offices for six years, subject to removal for good cause.

Sec. 8. The terms of the Supreme Court shall be held at the seat of government at the times that now are, or may be provided by law.

Sec. 9. In case all or any of the judges of the Supreme Court shall be disqualified from presiding in any cause or causes the court or the disqualified judge shall certify the same to the Governor, who shall immediately commission the requisite number of men learned in the law to sit in the trial and determination of such causes.

Sec. 10. The supreme judges shall at stated times receive a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law, which shall not be, after the adjournment of the next General Assembly, diminished during the time for which they shall have been elected. They shall not be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office, nor hold any office of trust or profit under the State or the United States.

Sec. 11. The Circuit Court shall have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases the exclusive jurisdiction of which may not be vested in some other court provided for by this Constitution.

Sec. 12. The Circuit Courts shall hold their terms in each county at such times and places as are, or may be, prescribed by law.

Sec. 13. The State shall be divided into convenient circuits, each circuit to be made up of contiguous counties, for each of

which circuits a judge shall be elected, who, during his continuance in office, shall reside in and be a conservator of the peace within the circuit for which he shall have been elected.

Sec. 14. The Circuit Courts shall exercise a superintending control and appellate jurisdiction over County, Probate, Court of Common Pleas and corporation courts and justices of the peace, and shall have power to issue, hear and determine all the necessary writs to carry into effect their general and specific powers, any of which writs may be issued upon order of the judge of the appropriate court in vacation.

Sec. 15. Until the General Assembly shall deem it expedient to establish Courts of Chancery the Circuit Courts shall have jurisdiction in matters of equity, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court, in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

Sec. 16. A judge of the Circuit Court shall be a citizen of the United States, at least twenty-eight years of age, of good moral character, learned in the law, two years a resident of the State, and shall have practiced law six years, or whose service upon the bench of any court of record, when added to the time he may have practiced law, shall be equal to six years.

Sec. 17. The judges of the Circuit Courts shall be elected by the qualified electors of the several circuits, and shall hold their offices for the term of four years.

Sec. 18. The judges of the Circuit Courts shall at stated times receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, which shall not, after the adjournment of the first session of the General Assembly, be diminished during the time for which they are elected. They shall not be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold any other office of trust or profit under this State or the United States.

Sec. 19. The clerks of the Circuit Court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the several counties, for the term of two years, and shall be ex officio clerks of the County and Probate Courts and Recorder: Provided, that in any county having a population exceding fifteen thousand inhabitants, as shown by the last federal census, there shall be elected a county clerk, in like manner as clerk of the Circuit Court, who shall be ex officio clerk of the Probate Court of said county.

Sec. 20. No judge or justice shall preside in the trial of any cause in the event of which he may be interested, or where either of the parties shall be connected with him by consanguinity or affinity, within such degree as may be prescribed by law; or in which he may have been of counsel or have presided in any inferior court.

Sec. 21. Whenever the office of judge of the Circuit Court of any county is vacant at the commencement of a term of such court, or the judge of said court shall fail to attend, the regular practicing attorneys in attendance on said court may meet at ten o'clock A. M. on the second day of the term, and elect a judge to preside at such court, or until the regular judge shall appear; and if the judge of said court shall become sick or die or unable to continue to hold such court after its term shall have commenced, or shall from any cause be disqualified from presiding at the trial of any cause then pending therein, then the regular practicing attorneys in attendance on said court may in like manner, on notice from the judge or clerk of said court, elect a judge to preside at such court or to try said causes, and the attorney so elected shall have the same power and authority in said court as the regular judge would have had if present and presiding; but this authority shall cease at the close of the term at which the election shall be made. The proceeding shall be entered at large upon the record. The special judge shall be learned in the law and a resident of the State.

Sec. 22. The judges of the Circuit Courts may temporarily exchange circuits or hold courts for each other under such regu lations as may be prescribed by law.

Sec. 23. Judges shall not charge juries with regard to matters of fact, but shall declare the law, and in jury trials shall reduce their charge or instructions to writing on the request of either party.

Sec. 24. The qualified electors of each circuit shall elect a prosecuting attorney, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and he shall be a citizen of the United States, learned in the law, and a resident of the circuit for which he may be elected. Sec. 25. The judges of the Supreme, Circuit or Chancery Courts shall not during their continuance in office, practice law or appear as counsel in any court, State or federal, within this State.

Sec. 26. The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law the punishment of contempts not committed in the presence or hearing of the courts, or in disobedience of process.

Sec. 27. The Circuit Court shall have jurisdiction upon information, presentment or indictment to remove any county or township officer from office for incompetency, corruption, gross immorality, criminal conduct, malfeasance, misfeasance or nonfeasance in office.

Sec. 28. The County Courts shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all matters relating to county taxes, roads, bridges, ferries, paupers, bastardy, vagrants, the apprenticeship of minors, the disbursement of money for county purposes, and in every other case that may be necessary to the internal improvement and local concerns of the respective counties. The County Court shall be held by one judge, except in cases otherwise herein provided.

Sec. 29. The judge of the County Court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the county for the term of two years. He shall be at least twenty-five years of age, a citizen of the United States, a man of upright character, of good business education and a resident of the State for two years before his election, and a resident of the county at the time of his election and during his continuance in office.

Sec. 30. The justices of the peace of each county shall sit with and assist the county judge in levying the county taxes, and in making appropriations for the expenses of the county in the manner to be prescribed by law; and the county judge, together with a majority of said justices, shall constitute a quorum for such purposes; and in the absence of the county judge a majority of the justices of the peace may constitute the court, who shall elect one of their number to preside. The General Assembly shall regulate by law the manner of compelling the attendance of such quorum.

Sec. 31. The terms of the County Courts shall be held at the times that are now prescribed for holding the Supervisors' Courts, or may hereafter be prescribed by law.

Sec. 32. The General Assembly may authorize the judge of the County Court of any one or more counties to hold severally a quarterly Court of Common Pleas in their respective counties,

which shall be a court of record, with such jurisdiction in matters of contract and other civil matters not involving title to real estate as may be vested in such court.

Sec. 33. Appeals from all judgments of County Courts or Courts of Common Pleas, when established, may be taken to the Circuit Court under such restrictions and regulations as may be prescribed by law.

Sec. 34. The judge of the County Court shall be the judge of the Court of Probate, and have such exclusive original jurisdiction in matters relative to the probate of wills, the estates of deceased persons, executors, administrators, guardians and persons of unsound mind and their estates as is now vested in the Circuit Court, or may be hereafter prescribed by law. The regular terms of the Court of Probate shall be held at the times that may hereafter be prescribed by law.

Sec. 35. Appeals may be taken from judgments and orders of the Probate Court to the Circuit Court under such regulations and restrictions as may be prescribed by law.

Sec. 36. Whenever a judge of the County or Probate Court may be disqualified from presiding in any cause or causes pending in his court, he shall certify the facts to the Governor of the State, who shall thereupon commission a special judge to preside in such cause or causes during the time said disqualification may continue, or until such cause or causes may be finally disposed of.

Sec. 37. The county judge shall receive such compensation for his services as presiding judge of the County Court, as judge of the Court of Probate and judge of the Court of Common Pleas, when established, as may be provided by law. In the absence of the circuit judge from the county the county judge shall have power to issue orders for injunction and other provisional writs in their counties, returnable to the court having jurisdiction: Provided, that either party may have such order reviewed by any superior judge in vacation in such manner as shall be provided by law. The county judge shall have power, in the absence of the circuit judge from the county, to issue, hear and determine writs of habeas corpus under such regulations and restrictions as shall be provided by law.

Sec. 38. The qualified electors of each township shall elect the justices of the peace for the term of two years, who shall be com