they were recognized as a new empire, under the title of the United States of America, then thirteen, but now nineteen in number, as follows, viz, Counties. Population.

New Hampshire, subdivided into

6

214,460

N. B. The above population is according to the Census of 1810, including 1,121,564 Slaves.

347. These States, under a free, prudent, and wise government, form now the happiest and most flourishing countries in the world; and are

the refuge of people driven from the various nations of Europe, by ruinous wars and political revolutions. Their head is called a President; he is chosen for four years, and governs acccording to laws made by two houses of legislature.

348. Among the chief towns are Washington, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and Charlestown. The chief rivers, are the Delaware, the Chesapeake, the Hudson, the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Missouri.

349. North and westward of the United States, lie Upper and Lower Canada, still subject to the British empire; the capitals of which are Quebec and York, both situated on the great river St. Lawrence.

Obs.-This great river joins five lakes of fresh water, the largest in the world; and between two of them are the grand falls of Niagara.

350. Southward of the United States, lies the Gulf of Mexico; and the islands called the West Indies-as Cuba, St. Domingo, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Barbadoes, Martinico, Guadaloupe, Tobago, St. Kitts, &c.

351. By turning to the Map, it will be seen that North America is joined to South America by a long slip of land called the Isthmus of Darien, occupied or governed by the Spaniards, as well as the greater part of South America itself, ever since the discoveries of Columbus.

352. In this great continent, the three Spanish viceroys of Mexico, Peru, and Buenos-Ayres, have for three centuries governed countries each more extensive than all Europe, and abounding in gold and silver, and various valuable productions.

353. South America is watered by the largest rivers in the world, as the Amazons, La Plata, and Oronooka. In the Andes, it possesses the highest chain of mountains, some of them four miles high; and among them are the most productive gold and silver-mines in the world.

354. South of Peru is Chili; and south of Chili the inhospitable and frozen regions of Patagonia; Terra del Fuego, or the Land of Fogs, is the most southerly region of America, and Cape Horn is its extreme point.

355. The following is an enumeration of the organized districts and countries of America :

356. The Great or Pacific Ocean contains numerous clusters of islands, called the Society Islands, the Friendly Islands, the Sandwich Islands, Phillips's Island, &c. all discovered by the English within the last fifty years. The inhabitants live in a savage state; and the history and anecdotes of their simple manners form the charm of the voyages of Wallis, Cook, and others.

357. Maps are exact delineations of the surface of the earth, viewed as from an eminence, or laid down according to a scale, in which every part retains its exact proportion..

The top of a map is generally the north, the bottom the south, the right-hand is the east, and the left-hand the west: except when these points are indicated by a compass engraved on the map, when the north is indicated by a fleur-de-luce.

Obs. 1.—It would be well to convey the idea of the principle of maps to children, by shewing them a plan of the place where they live, or a map of their county or district, laying it in the position of the places.

2.-Young persons should be taught the use of maps, by means of the Problems in Goldsmith's Royal Atlas.

358. The figures running from north to south, or south to north, at the side of a map, indicate the latitude or distance in degrees or minutes from the equator. The lines across are mere guides to the eye, to connect the figures on each side, and are called the parallels of latitude. If the figures increase upward, it is north latitude; if downward, it is south latitude.

359. An imaginary line, which passes over every place on the earth, from the north pole to the south pole, is called the Meridian; and the distance between these meridians, measured at the equator, is called the longitude.

The figures at the bottom and top of the map indicate such distances between meridians, and the lines which join them are called parallels of longitude. The longitude is east when the distance increase from left to right; or west, when the figures increase from right to left.

Obs. See the opposite map of the whole world; and examine, study, and copy it.

360. A globe is an exact resemblance of the earth or heavens. For the facility of working problems, it is provided with a universal brass

meridian; with a universal wooden horizon; with an hour circle to reduce its motion into time; with a compass to set it due north and south; and with a quadrant to measure distances and altitudes.

361. As the earth, which is 360 degrees round, turns opposite to the Sun in every 24 hours, of course, 15 degrees turn to and from the Sun in every hour, and one degree in every four mi

nutes.

The hour of the day, therefore, at different places, depends on their difference in longitude, calculated in the above proportion; all places to the east moving under the Sun, or having their noon sooner than those to the west, because the earth turns from west to east.

Obs.-Bristol is nearly 120 miles, or two degrees west of London; it therefore passes under the Sun eight minutes later than London arrives at the Sun; and of course, when it is twelve o'clock at London, it wants eight minutes of twelve in Bristol; or when it is twelve in Bristol, it is eight minutes after twelve in London. In working such problems, it is simply necessary to bear in mind, that the whole earth of 360 degrees turns round in twenty-four hours; and of course, that the clocks every where vary in proportion to the distances of their meridians, or the difference of their longitudes.

XIV. Of Morals and Religion.

362. Man will not be well adapted to a social state, unless his conduct be restrained by a respect for others beyond what is imposed by Laws; that is, without he be actuated by an habitual sense of what is right, and by feelings of remorse for having done what is wrong.