the creek now called Conestoga being so called in Herman's map that before its date their chief seat was near there, and may have been that marked "fort demolished" on Chambers's survey (see George Smith's Hist. of Delaware County). The Susquehannocks by treaty of July 5, 1652, conveyed to the Marylanders the land on the western side of the Chesapeake from the Patuxent to Palmer's Island, and on the eastern side from the Choptank to the North East branch which lies north of the Elk, except Kent and Palmer's Island, belonging to Capt. Clayborne; both English and Indians being allowed to build a house or fort on Palmer's Island. In 1744, the Six Nations testified to the greatness of the Susquehannocks' empire by acknowledging that the grantors in this deed of more than ninety years before, had the ownership of the land of which they so undertook to dispose. The printed Maryland Archives and the printed Jesuit Relations mention continuously the Indians living north of the land so conveyed, the Maryland Archives always giving them the same name as the great river, as did also the Duke's Governors of New York, and the Jesuit Relations employing apparently the Iroquoian name in the form, which may be a slight modification, "Andasto-eronnons" or "Andastogenronons." The element "roona" was a suffix for the plural in Iroquoian. The village, or capital, appears in the Relations as "Andastogué." The records of the Province of Pennsylvania use indiscriminately all three names Mingoes (or Minquays), Susquehannas, and Conestogas. For a long period, these Susquehannocks, often helped by Maryland, were victorious in war against some of the Five Nations, the fortress being moved to where Herman depicted it. Eshleman quotes the Relations, Vol. 59, p. 251, to show that, about 1672, the Iroquois succeeded in subjugating the tribe so much feared, or, in the words of the priest, "the Sonnonlouaies have utterly defeated the Andaste, their

ancient and most redoubtable foe." The government of Maryland seems to have forsaken them about this time, punishing them for offences of which perhaps none of them were guilty; and thus another Colony than New York contributed to making the Five Nations supreme as far as the Potomac. After a second defeat, called an "extermination," many Susquehannocks were taken to live with their conquerors; the relation before long became that of friends, and the conquered were believed to be stirring up the "Senecas" to depredations upon Maryland. The great war captain Harignera, on the other hand, had saved a remnant. He soon died, but his followers and other detachments were for some time strong enough to menace the whites both north and south of the Potomac. A considerable body, revenging the murder of five principal chiefs at a peace parley, raided Virginia, tomahawking the settlers, until defeated by Nathaniel Bacon, whose assumption of authority is called Bacon's Rebellion. A detachment of those who had gone to Virginia and probably some others went back to the old Susquehanna Fort, "sixty miles above Palmer's Island,"-pretty clearly the location designated for the fort by Herman's map,-and made submission to the "Senecas," but asked for peace with Maryland. After various events, peace was made between Maryland and the Five Nations and the Susquehannocks under them; after which the number of Senecas or so-called Senecas within what is now Lancaster and York Counties in Pennsylvania increased.

The Swedes had bought the claim of certain Minqua chiefs as far as the Susquehanna River. To acquire what had been beyond those chiefs' possessions or the title or good-will of those who were their lords paramount, Penn in July, 1683 (see his letter to Brockles and West, Penna. Archives, 2nd Series, Vol. VII, p. 3), sent William Haig (called Wm. in the letter), to be accompanied by James Graham of New York, to treat with the

Mohawks and Senecas and their allies for the land fronting on the Susquehanna. According to Rev. Jean de Lamberville's letter of Jany. 31 following the date is Feb. 10, 1684, new style-the white people at Albany worked upon the Indians, and through Oreouahé, the Cayuga, circumvented the sale of the land of the conquered Andastogués (Penna. Archives, 2nd Series, Vol. VI). The Indians had much contention as to one another's rights, but appear to have agreed on one point, and to have delivered sufficient answer, even before the Indian Commissioners received a letter from the new Governor of New York, written on September 18, by the advice of his Council, to stop Penn's negotiations until his boundaries should be adjusted. Thomas Dongan, who was the Governor, was, in everything connected with these lands, guilty of treachery or double dealing or at least vacillation. Canassatego said in 1744 at Lancaster that the Governor of New York had advised the Five Nations to put the land into his hands, instead of Penn's, and promised to keep it for the Five Nations' use, but the Governor went away to England, and sold it to Onas (a quill, the translation of Penn, which they thought meant a goose's quill) for a large sum of money, and, when they were minded to sell Onas some lands, Onas said that he had bought them from that Governor, but, on hearing how the Governor had deceived the Five Nations, Onas paid them for the lands over again. The Indians, making their marks to a writing since lost, gave the Susquehanna River, i.e. the valley of it, to Dongan, as he mentions to Penn in a letter of October 10, 1683. In a letter of October 22 to the same, Dongan speaks of a second gift of the River from the Indians, adding "about which you and I shall not fall out." What the Five Nations intended, appears in the speech of the Onondagas and Cayugas on Aug. 2, 1684, in the Town Hall at Albany to Governor Dongan and Lord Howard of

Effingham, Governor of Virginia: "You will protect us from the French, which if you do not, we shall lose all our hunting and bevers. We have put all our lands and ourselves under the protection of the great Duke of York. we have given the Susquehanne River, which we won with the sword, to this government, and will not that any of your Penn's people

shall settle upon the Susquehanne River

we

do give you two white drest deer skins to be sent to the great sachem Charles that he may write upon them and put a great red seal to them that we do put the Susquehanne River above the Washinta or Falls and all the rest of our land under the great Duke of York and to nobody else and we will neither join ourselves nor our land to any other government. You, great man of Virginia, we let you know that Great Penn did speak to us here in Corlear's house"-the Governor of New York was called "Corlear"-"by his [Penn's] agents and desired to buy the Susquehanne River, but we would not hearken to him nor come under his government, and therefore desire you to be a witwe are a free people uniting ourselves to what sachem we please." A note in the Documentary History of New York says that the Falls were those in the present Bradford County, Pennsylvania; but it is evident that the claim of sovereignty extended as far south as the Falls near the Conewago.

ness

The fact that the Cayugas were the only nation joining the Onondagas in this speech, and that about thirty-five years later the Cayugas claimed the lower Susquehanna, and that, moreover, the Mohawks, were about the middle of the XVIIIth Century deemed to have no share in the land further north sold by the Five Nations, is not easily explained. It may mean that the conquest of the Susquehannocks was chiefly the work of the Cayugas, or in pursuance of their supposed early rights.

After the Duke of York had ascended the throne, and then had fled from it, his friend Dongan, who had become Earl of Limerick, transferred to Penn what title Dongan had to the lands of the Seneca-Susquehanna Indians. Reciting his purchase from them of land on both sides of the Susquehanna River with the adjacent lakes from the head of the River to Chesapeake Bay, Dongan conveyed this to William Penn and his heirs and assigns by lease and release dated Jany. 12 and 13, 1696. A few months after this, the Susquehannas and Senecas at Carristoga (Conestoga) were reported as forty young men besides women and children. On 7mo. 13, 1700, Dongan's release to Penn having been shown to Widaagh, alias Orytyagh (Orettyagh), and Andaggy-Junkquagh, styled "Kings or Sachemas of the Susquehannagh Indians," they, in consideration of some goods, and of Penn's former expenses in making the purchase, deeded to Penn and his heirs and assigns the Susquehanna River and its islands and land on both sides of the river formerly the right of the nation called the Susquehannagh Indians, or by what name they were known, and confirmed the bargain and sale made to Dongan. In July, 1721, Civility, "a descendant of the ancient Susquehannah Indians, the old settlers of these parts, but now reputed as of an Iroquois descent," said that he had been informed by their old men that they were troubled when they heard that their lands had been given up to a place so far distant as New York, and that they were overjoyed when they understood William Penn had bought them back again, and that they had confirmed all their right to him.

James II having avowed his sovereignty over the Five Nations, and undertaken to protect them, and they having supported the English in the war carried on by William III, recognition of those tribes as English