stood when they wrote: they also say that another Indian village was on the north side of the west branch near the line of the Society's land, and that there Indian Hannah, last of her race in the County, dwelt for many years. Watson says that she died in 1803, nearly one hundred years old, and that about the time of the Revolutionary war she with the rest of her family, Andrew, Sarah, and Nanny, were living in Kennet.

In 1694, when the Onondagas and Senecas sent to the Delawares asking them to be "partners with them" in fighting the French, Hithquoquean, Shakhuppo, Menanzes, Tamanen, and Alemeon (possibly Alaenoh, witness to one of the deeds of June 23, 1683), and also Mohocksey, who may have been a king of the Lenape in New Jersey, came with other Delawares and two Susquehanna chiefs to see Lieutenant-Governor Markham; and Hithquoquean, on behalf of the Delawares, announced their resolve to live as a peaceable people, being but weak and very few in number. The Onondagas and Senecas had, in the message, reproached the Delawares with the very thing which tradition says that the Five Nations had long before that time imposed upon them, viz: doing nothing but staying at home and boiling the pots like women. The Lieutenant-Governor commended the visitors for not engaging in war without the advice and consent of Governor Fletcher, who, on his visit to Philadelphia for aid against the French, had secured some money, but had permitted the people of the Province to stay at home to defend it. The Delawares were assured that Governor Fletcher would take care that the Senecas should do them no injury on account of their refusal.

In 1697, a considerable body of the Delawares, enumerated as 300 men,-the small number of persons in any Indian nation must surprise the uninformed,—were tributary to the Susquehannas and Senecas around about Conestoga. Fifty were at Minquannan, men

tioned as about nine miles from the head of the Elk River, fifteen miles from Christeen, and thirty miles from Susquehanna, and the rest of the body on Brandywine and Upland Creeks. All, as well as the Susquehannas and Shawnees, were said to be inclined to attach themselves to the government of Maryland, as they hunted between the Susquehanna River and the Potomac. The Delaware "King" offered that his Indians, if permitted to hunt between those rivers, would watch the movements of the Naked Indians, or Twightwees (Miamis). For some time, Owehela, or Ocahale, appears as the most prominent Delaware Indian on the Christiana. On Aug. 29, 1700, he, as "Ocahale, King of the Delaware Indians," joined with the King of the Shawnees, and with Indian Harry, representing the King of the Susquehannocks, in a treaty confirming former peace and amity with Maryland, making themselves answerable for injuries done by other Indians to the inhabitants of that province, and promising, upon damage done by neighbouring Indians, to assist against them, and pursue, and, if possible, capture and bring them for the government to deal with them.

There were Indians at Lechay, or Lehigh, during Penn's second visit, who were probably Delawares. He consulted Oppemenyhood of that place upon the law prohibiting the sale of rum.

Penn during his second visit to America gave the Delaware chief Heteoquean a belt to carry to the Five Nations. Heteoquean died soon afterwards, and the belt was not exhibited to the great men of those Nations until 1712.

The early travellers from Europe to our Middle States, proceeding into the interior, found a different race of Indians. The Hudson and the Mohawk afforded the Dutch traders access to villages inhabited by those to whom the French were extending the name Iroquois,

and to whom in time they restricted that word. There were five main tribes, called by themselves respectively by a derivative of "the place of flint," "the rock set up," "top of the mountain," "where locusts were obtained," and "the great mountain." The English of New York and Pennsylvania called them respectively Maquas or Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Sinnondowannes or Senecas. The Marylanders classed all as Cynegoes, or Senecas, or Jonadoes, just as some of the Dutch had confused the various names of these tribes. According to De Denonville (Penna. Archives, 2nd Series, Vol. VI), writing in 1685, the Sonontouans, as he called the Senecas, then outnumbered the four other tribes combined, the Anie (Mohawks) having 200 fighting men; the Oneyoust (Oneidas), 150; the Onontague, 300; the Goyoguoain (Cayugas), 200: while the Senecas were reported to have 1200.

Although certain of these tribes had continued to make war independently of the others, the five long before that year united in a confederacy, at first a loose one, and are known collectively in English history as the Five Nations, and more properly after 1712, when the Tuscaroras were added, as the Six Nations. The Onondagas had the precedency. At their castle was held the great council, called from the place of meeting "the Long House," in which much of such government as there was among Indians became centralized. Yet some "States rights," and even some conquered lands and vassals belonged to particular tribes.

The use of guns, powder, and shot introduced by the Dutch among the Indians of the Mohawk Valley gave them a great advantage over enemies armed with bows and arrows; and the Five Nations started upon a career of conquest, which their ferocity maintained after other Europeans provided the neighbouring savages with

weapons, and which ended in the mastery of the interior of New York and Pennsylvania.

The policy of the Dutch at New York of amity and almost mutual aid and comfort with the Five Nations, remained, after the acquisition of that region by the English, the policy of the government there, so largely did the Dutch families control Indian relations, if not other affairs. This policy was necessary while the New Englanders were engaged in crushing the Algonquins in their vicinity; and when it was becoming clear that the Five Nations would dominate the border between the Duke of York's possessions and Canada, it seemed the sharpest politics to ally with the winning side.

Only straggling members of any of the five tribes lived near the parts of Pennsylvania civilized before Penn's death; but the earliest traders who went from the Schuylkill and the Brandywine to the headwaters of the Octorara and the Conestoga associated with certain Indians of the same stock. To these and to all the Iroquois, the Lenni Lenape applied the epithet Mingwe, treacherous. Amandus Johnson, in his book already quoted, gives the various forms "Mingo, Minqua, Minquaes," &ct., in which this name was used by Swedes and Dutch to denote the interior people with whom the settlers on the Delaware came in contact. There was a tribe called the "White Minquas," and one called the "Black Minquas," probably from their costume or paint. If Sir Edmund Andros was correct as to the relationship of the Susquehanna Indians and the Mohawks, the latter would seem to have been the Black Minquas, often no more friendly with the White Minquas than near blood relations sometimes are. the identity of the Black Minquas remains a puzzle: they were sufficiently numerous in 1681 to be reported as joining the Sindondowannes in war. The White Minquas are supposed to have been those almost invariably meant by the simple word Minquas or Min

Yet

goes, viz: the Indians whose chief seat was on the lower Susquehanna during the days of the Swedes and Dutch. On the probability that the occupants of the region had not changed, H. Frank Eshleman in his "Lancaster County Indians-Annals of the Susquehannocks &ct." has traced them from Capt. John Smith's first mention of the Sasquesahanock in his Description of Virginia: in fact, following A. L. Guss's Early Indian History of Susquehanna, from Smith's mention of the Pacoughtronack in his True Relation. As one guess at Indian history is about as good as another, the hypothesis may be here offered, accounting for some items to follow later about the Pascatoways, that, as the syllable "pak" in Algonquian conveys the idea of division or duality, the name embracing it was used in the days of Smith and others to denote the people of a dual empire, composed of an Iroquoian and an Algonquian part, the latter being dominant, and continuing after the secession of the former to be called by the name of the whole. The dwellers on the Susquehanna, who were thus the Iroquoian part, and who, Edmund Andros in 1675 said, were "offsprings of the Maques (Mohawks)," were described as Sasquesahannock, from Sasquesahanna, the Algonquian name of the river, evidently by Algonquianspeaking Indians on the Chesapeake and the Delaware. Smith knew the great enemies of his Sasquesahanock as Massowomekes, a name remarkably like Mattawomen, that of a tribe afterwards connected with the Pascatoways: notwithstanding the usual identification with the Five Nations, the Massowomekes may have been the Pascatoways, long alternately lords and enemies. The final emancipation from them appears to have been after Lord Baltimore began the settlement of Maryland. The Susquehanna Indians called themselves, or were called by their Iroquoian kindred Ganestogas, hence our word Conestoga, and even our word "stogy" for a Pennsylvania cigar. It would seem from