serves to be a favorite. The moral of the story is, tounures came into vogue. The shiver of the expression and music of language that first delights -for one must always wring a moral out of a story shoulders again is made in the same authentic re us in his nicely balanced numbers; while a due esti-to show how the warm affection of a simple mind cords to bear date about the time when gigots at- ||mation of all these excellences will come at last to ed and pure heart, aided by a face only tolerably tained to their greatest perfection, and slipping from him who dwells long enough upon his writings. But pretty, can fix the attachment of a highly cultivated the shoulders began to occupy a neutral ground love of Byron is love at sight. It springs, if it springs man with enough of the fastidious and the satirical anywhere between the elbows and the neck. But at all, when the eye first meets his pages. You may in his disposition to make him apparently a most the sophists and pretenders in these matters are analyze and regulate it afterwards, but you feel his difficult conquest. The doctrine is a good one, and now thrown completely out by the quotation we influence before you can explain the causes of his as, according to Miss Austin's showing, it seems to have given above; and we have but little doubt, but power; and though the critic may tell you whence be founded upon nature, it is well it should be broad. that, exploring the proper sources of information, it springs, you need not his aid to point out his beauly disseminated among the rising generation. A it might be shown, that, not only the Will Honey.ties, and confirm your admiration of them. The belief that freedom from affectation and want of combs of Queen Anne's day, and the Pelhams of poet has struck some chord in your own heart, and pretension of every kind, makes oven an ordinary ours, are exposed to the saine artillery of charms, while it does vibrate, you care not how or why, but looking and ordinary-minded girl attractive to a manoeuvred by their fair enemies in precisely the same you know that it does. Poetry, the language of man of sense and refinement, would have a pro- manner-but, that the bloods and gallants of Cæsar's passion, has a thousand dialects; and you underdigious effect in simplifying manners, and bringing time (who was himself, according to Cato, a great stand as if intuitively the one he speaks, though them consequently to the true standard of elegance. beau, and a dandy when young,) were circumvent-perhaps ignorant of all the rest. But we do not eonWe doubt, however, whether Miss Austin's book, ed and overcome with exactly the same weapons.sider this peculiar turn of mind or feeling-call it though it has been written for twenty years, has And thus, while the world waxes and wanes, grows what you will-which leads us to so catch at once done much towards reforming the world in these old, and is renewed, the empire of woman is the and delight in the characteristics of particular writ respects. Affectation, though not as distinguishing only one which not only survives every commotion,ings, as at all confined to Byron; and two poets a characteristic of mankind as cooking-(Man-a but is prolonged by the same means; and notwith. who differ as much from him as he does from Pope cooking animal.-Philos. Dic.)—is still sufficiently standing all the clever demonstrations of the jadi- and Milton might be adduced, to sustain the theory, if part and parcel of human nature to cling to it, cious Miss Austin of the effect of simplicity of man. it be such, that we uphold. The English Wordsworth through all its improvements. Still there is such a Hers upon the hearts of our sex, the same little and our own Bryant are read with as different a spi. total change for the better, between our days and those affected ways that, while they provoked the satirerit by different peuple as if they changed their natures of our grandfathers, in manners, and those of the of Addison, won the world from Antony, will be in different hands. The first of these, with some of fair sex, especially, that we are surprized that a po- used with success, and criticised unavailingly, by pular writer, who has enjoyed opportunities of ob- the Cleopatras and Spectators of a thousand years serving the best society, should have fallen into such hence. gross misrepresentations as those contained in the following extract from a late fashionable publica tion : the most exquisite poetry in any language, has unfortunately indulged so much in what, by the reviewers of "the Lake poets," is termed "waddle," WORKS OF LORD BYRON; complete in one volume; that it may yet be difficult for years so to break the Geo. Dearborn, N. Y.-Though the aroma' impart-namby-pamby associations connected with his ed by age is not yet theirs, yet the writings of Byron late writings, that full justice may be done to his Gaining the hearts of your sex is generally at have already come to us in so many editions, like earlier works. But the last, though he has as yet tempted by a particular manner of carrying themselves with familiarity. Fanny has a dancing walk, wine which has been matured by repeated voyages, published too little to test the permanence of the and keeps time in her ordinary gait. Sue, her sis. that they seem almost to have passed through the orde. chaste spirit which, in his present writings, Rever ter, who is unwilling to interrupt her conquests, al of time, and proved their body as well as flavor. The loses itself in delicacy refined to effeminacy, or simcomes into the room before her with a familiar run. present edition, while it is the most complete, is plicity softened into simpletonity, (as is the case in Rosa takes advantage of the approach of the winter, those of the English poet,) is perhaps the best inand has introduced a very pretty shiver; closing up one of the finest, if not the finest, that has ever apstance that could be adduced of a writer, whose her shoulders, and shrinking as she moves. All peared either in Europe or this country. It is ar. that are in this mode carry their fans between both ranged with judgment, is very elegantly stereotyped, beauties are so spiritual, that in many of his pieces hands before them. Rosa herself, who is author of and is got up" altogether in a style of excellence, the chastened fire which pervades them is unseen. this air, adds the pretty run to it; and has also, when she is in very good humor, a taking fami- which, if not new in this country, has at least been liarity in throwing herself into the lowest ottoman hitherto confined to Boston. They, therefore, who in the room,and letting her corded petticoats fall with would possess themselves of the complete works of a lucky decency about her. If you have observed what the first poet of the age-or perhaps of any age ex. pretty carcases are carried off at the end of a song. at the Opera, it will give you a notion how Rosa cept that which produced Shakspeare-can now seplumps into a chair. Here's a little country girl cure a favorite author in a dress worthy of his name that's very cunning, that makes her use of being and his fame. The work is accompanied by an unyoung and unbred, and outdoes the ensnarers who are almost twice her age. The air that she takes pretending but well written memoir of the poet's life, is to come into company after a walk, and is very a very fine engraving of West's portrait by Gimbre & successfully out of breath upon occasion. Her Dick, and an exceedingly interesting autograph of mother is in the secret, and calls her romp, and the celebrated passage in Childe Harold— then looks round to see what young men admire her. From peak to peak the rattling crags among, Leaps the live thunder; -a stanza which is dashed off in a style so wild and and unfelt, except by minds of a delicate fibre; by those in which, if any strings are wanting, the ones which respond to the minutest touch of nature are not among the missing. Poetry, like music, may in some shape be enjoyed by all. Every heart seems to thrill naturally to the sound of drum and trumpet; and every one, by assiduously cultivating his ear, may have the faculty actually drilled into him, of receiving pleasure from the harmony of a well executed overture. But, while nature alone can impart that yielding up of one's soul to a simple melody which the rudest bosoms will frequently betray, there are few hearts which will waken alike Now, gentle reader, if you have never marked the to the cadence of a flute, or the peal of a clarion. "dancing walk" in Broadway, or witnessed this And so with poetry and with poets-The national very pretty shiver" round a stove at the Ope anthem, the martial ballad, and tale of bold adven. ra, or detected in short any of those "ensnaring" scribes. ture, the wild lays of Scott, or the war-songs of airs, among your fair acquaintance, which the Popular as Byron is as a poet throughout the Körner, will stir up even the most sluggish natures. writer of the above so rudely attributes to his-world-he is worshipped in Gormany-we are in- The thorough-wrought and finished poetic combido not be angry with us for betraying you into at.clined to believe that there must be some dash of nations of Milton and Pope will delight and still taching a moment's weight, to a criticism on man- poetry, some stray dripping of Castalia in one's com- further refine those already cultivated: but the sim. ners, which was, in fact written by Addison more position, to appreciate him fully; a fact which will ple inspiration of Burns, and the native elegance of than century ago, and is here given from the readily account for his being more idolized by the Campbell, though often united in Bryant, are thrown Spectator, verbatim, with the single alteration of enthusiastic countrymen of Goëthe than by any away upon half of those who have access to the substituting the favorite names of modern Maga other people. A relish for Milton, for instance, works of either. You may create a taste for art, zine writers for the Chloes and Sylvias which might majestic and almost godlike as he is, may, and in- but you cannot kindle one for nature: and the mo else have betrayed the essayist of Queen Anne's time deed is, only to be acquired by study; you dwelldest poems of our countryman, while the range of It is grievous to think, not only that there is no. again and again upon his pages-we are speaking their influence is narrower than that of the noble thing new in the world, but that old things, in only of Paradise lost-till your soul catches some. British Bard, will as often be called spiritless and their old shapes, are for ever coming up again, to thing of his high intellectual spirit, and then a world inspid, as his are pronounced extravagant and undeceive us with appearances of novelty. The queer of light opens upon you, the power of seeing and natural, by those who have no gentle sympathies to little walk, which the Spectator hit off so inimitably estimating which you have gained from long linger be touched by the poetic soul of the one, and by a hundred years since, has been considered by manying upon its threshold. those who have no ruined thoughts, no deserted channels of passion and feeling, to be warmed, filled, and quickened, by the overwhelming genius of the other. an invention belonging only to the present day: And so of Pope, whose comprehensive wit, far. and in all chronological tables of the fashions, it is reaching thought, versality and delicacy of imagi. set down as originating in the same year when nation is frequently overlooked in the terseness of CONTINENTAL LITERATURE.-It has often been mat ter of surprize, as well as regret, to us, that some mode was not devised, by which persons, desirous of seeing, as they appear, the new publications of the Continental press, especially that of France and Germany, might associate and procure these books, in common, at a comparatively moderate expense-a sort of foreign book club, in short, and confined to books in foreign languages. We learn with pleasure that the prospectus of such a plan is now left at the Foreign Bookstore of Charles De Behr, in Broadway, where persons desirous of aiding it are asked to call. Perchance, O! thought of bliss! it may discover And now a radiant hope of burning blushes O'er her new bliss through evening's placid hours, And she must braid her ebon hair with flowers, That veil her bosom, resis the magic scroll, Of her deep grief, and she would touch the strings Her guests depart. The moon beams clear and bright, AMERICAN MECHANICS' MAGAZINE, The subscriber proposes to publish a monthly Magazine to be called the American Mechanics' Magazine. His object in so doing, is to lay before the Mechanics of the United States, at a cheap rate, in a convenient form, some account of the improvements in mechanics and machines, as well as a list of new inventions and patents, both in England and the United States. He is not aware that there is, at this time, any publication of the kind in this country, furnished at a price so low as to bring it within the reach of the great mass of American mechanics-and he therefore has determined to commence the publication of a work with the above name, on, or about the 15th of February next; which will contain most of the interesting articles, or at least those which may be of interest to our mechanics, published in the London Mechanics' Magazine, with its engravings, together with whatever may be received from our own countrymen suitable for such a work and of interest to its patrons. The Floridian informs us "that a work will be shortly put to press, from the pen of Col. White, our Delegate in Congress, entitled, Sketches of East and West Florida and Louisiana,' containing a history of the discovery and settlement of the Provinces, and the correspondence between the British Ministry and the Governors of the Floridas, between the year 1753 and and 1781, together witl. various papers never before published, touching the history, condition and value of these Territories to the States; to which will be added an appendix, showing the extent and value of the agricultural AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL productions of the West Indies, and especially of AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMthe Island of Cuba, showing what portion of PROVEMENTS, VOLUME 2d. This Journal these articles might be grown and manufactured was commenced on the 1st of January, 1832, with a single in the territory of Florida." We shall look to the subscriber. It has now just commenced its second volume, appearance of this work with much anxiety, be in the Union. It was at first devoted to the subject of Railwith near one thousand subscribers, scattered in every state The MECHANICS' MAGAZINE will be printed on lieving that it will be a valuable acquisition to the roads, Internal Improvements, and news of the day; but it beautiful paper, with new type, containing fortyhistorical literature of our country.-[Pensacola now embraces in addition to the above, a department for A-eight large octavo pages of two columns each, Gazette.] griculture, and another for the Mechanic Arts, wherein will stitched in a handsome cover of colored paper, be found an account of most new Inventions. Such, indeed, has been the encouragement held out, that the publisher is and issued on the first Saturday of each month, induced to extend its usefulness by making it, not only a at the very low price of THREE DOLLARS per journal of the progress of Internal Improvements by means annum, in advance. D. K. MINOR. There is a mingled simplicity and pathos in the annexed lines of Railroads, Canals, and Steam Carriages, in our own which will make their way to the heart :country and in Europe, but also by making it a Journal of mechanical improvements and inventions, and thereby colNEW-YORK FARMER AND AMERIlecting a greater variety of useful information, relating to CAN GARDENER'S MAGAZINE. Whole such subjects, into a smaller compass, and at a less cost,than number, Vol. 6. NEW SERIES, VOLUME FIRST. No. 1, can be found in any other publication now before the pub- for January 1833, is just published. This is an AGRICUL lic. Arrangements have been made to give engravings or TURAL periodical, published monthly, containing 32 large illustrations of such new inventions as may be deemed im- quarto pages of three columns each, devoted particularly to portant to the community. The American Railroad Jour- Agriculture, Horticulture, &c. It will also contain much nal and Advocate of Internal Improvements, will also con- interesting matter upon other subjects, such for instance as tain much interesting and useful literary and news read-road making and repairing, together with steam carriages ing, with such public documents as may be deemed for common roads, with other modes of improving internal worth recording for future reference. It will also con- communication. Its main object, however, is to collect York city, Charleston, S. C. together with others kept at tain Meteorological Tables, kept at Montreal, L. C., Newintermediate places. We have also the promise of one kept on Red River, in Louisiana; also, Prices of Stocks, Sales of Real Estate, Prices Current and Bank Note List, POETRY. NEW YEAR'S EVE.-By Alfred Tennyson. If you're waking call me early, call me early, mother dear, I wish the snow would melt and the sun conie out on high I long to see a flower so before the day I die. &c. &c. Terms, THREE Dollars per annum, in advance, and will not be sent without. The first volume may be had either in sheets or bound; and the second volume will be forwarded by numbers, as they are issued, to any part of the United States. Price of still.binding, 50 cents, 75 cents, or $1, according to quality. The building rook 'ill caw from the windy, tall elm tree, [From the Book of Beauty.] THE LOVE LETTER. She holds the letter in her eager hands, Or speak in friendship's calm and tranquil strain, Published at No. 35 Wall street, New-York, by NEW YORK AMERICAN, Daily, . ingly, and to disseminate such information as may tend to from those who cultivate the soil scientifically, and observimprove the mode of cultivation throughout our widely extended country. No person will deny the utility of such publication properly conducted; nor will any one doubt me when I say that such a paper cannot be properly conducted and handsomely executed, without an extensive circulation and prompt payment to meet its expenses. a Terms, THREE Dollars per annum, in advance; and will not be sent without, as, at its present price, it will not pay a commission for collecting, nor bear the loss arising from want of punctuality on the part of subscribers. D. K. MINOR, Proprietor, 35 Wall street, New-York. NEW-YORK AMERICAN, Tri-Weekly, VOLUME 2d.-The Tri-Weekly American contains the same that is given in the DAILY paper, and differs from it only in being published every other, instead of every day. This is the only Tri-Weekly paper published in New-York. It is a very convenient medium of intelligence, at a very cheap rate, for Gentlemen in the country, who wish not only to read the news of the day, but also to learn what is doing in the business community. In the Tri-Weekly, as well as in the Daily New-York American, will be found, in addition to the news and advertisements of the day, an extensive Marine List, Sales of Stocks and of Real Estate, Prices Current, and Bank Note Table,-and all for the moderate price of five dollars a-year, in advance, or just one half the price of a daily paper, as well as of the postage. Although it contains as much reading and advertising as the daily paper, the advertisements are not so often published it as in the daily, which enables us to give all the reading matter of the Daily. Terms, FIVE DOLLARS per year, in advance. Published at 35 Wall street, New-York, by NEW-YORK AMERICAN, Semi-Week-in Published at No. 35 Wall street, New-York, by D. K. MINOR. TOWNSEND & DURFEE, Rope Manufacturers, having machinery for making ropes to any required length (without splice), offer to supply full length Ropes for the inclined planes on Railroads at the shortest notice, and deliver them in the city of New-York, if requested. As to the quality of the Rope, the public are referred to J. B. JERVIS, Eng. M. & H. R. R. Co., Albany; or JAMES ARCHIBALD, Engineer Hubson and Delaware Canal and Railroad Company, Carbondale, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Palmyra, Wayne County, New-York, 1st mo. .22, 1832 J30 of COTTON- Flax TOWNSEND & DURFEE, of Palmyra, Manu-Alabama ...........do facturers of Railroad Rope, having removed their estab-Tennessee........ lishment to Hudson, under the name of Durfee & May, offer to supply Rope of any required length (without splice) Hemp.. for inclined planes of Railroads at the shortest notice, and deliver them in any of the principal cities in the U. States. As to the quality of Rope, the public are referred to J. B. JERVIS, Eng. M. & H. R. R. Co., Albany; or JAMES ARCHIBALD, Engineer Hudson and Delaware Canal and Railroad Company, Carbondale, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Hudson, Columbia County, New-York, Do. American ......do a GRAIN 35 Wheat, North riv..bshl 8 00 a 9.00 2922 223 .... Virginia....do a a RAGS .......do 12 50 Do. Prime........do 11 00 16 Do. Cargo.. ....do 10 00 a 14 00 a 11 75 a 10 50 16 Cheese, American...lb 64 a s 7 Hams, Virginia.....do Do. Northern....do 4 Foreign. 10 a 11 9 a 10 4 a a RICE.........100 lb 3 00 a 3.50 Country.. SALT 1 15 a 1 18 15 1 17 Isle of May.. a 67 St. Ubes ....do ....do a 70 a 75 07 a ...do a 65 a a 36 Rye, Northern.....do a 210 00 Russia, white....piece 10 50 a 11 00 a 21250 Do. brown......do 8 75 a 9 00 a 7 Beans.. ..do a 6 HEMP COFFEE Russia. Manilla. 13 a 13 Sisal. 13 a 12 a 13 Yarns, Kentucky...lb a 5 a 11 a HIDES a 12 a 14 12 Cassia, in mats..... lb Do. wet salted...do 7 a 6 Cloves 13 Ginger, race........do 9 a 12 Do. ground.....do a Ox. ....100 600 a 20 80 Do. INDIGO- IRON- Do. Wind, Isl. 3d do.do 85 a a 36 a a 1 15 a 1 19 1 15 ...lb .....do ..do 20 a 17 a a 12 00 26 a DYE WOODS- 100 do do do FF a MOLASSES 3 a a 13 50 English Islands.....do a 2 50 Do. entitled to 40 a 90 Havana & Matanzas.do American.. اه a 9 a 18 boxes Maraschino Cordials 350 The Coney and Hares back Wool, for Hatters DRY GOODS BY THE PACKAGE. 2) cases white and dark ground, fancy and full Chintz Prints, all new styles, received per. Napoleon. 9 do assorted colored Circassians do do Merinos 10 do Jet black Bombazines 2 do White Diamond Quiltings 2 do Furniture Dimitles 2000 pieces English Brown Shirtings, 33 in. PAPER. Hache..do FEATHERS- Do. American .....do Dry Cod..........cwt 2 75 a FLAX Russia.............lb .......do FLAXSEED Hyson. TIMOTH. SEED.tce 25 St Domingo........do 6 Ladies' Twist.......do 7 Cavendish..........do 16 Madeira.. Sherry. a 2 00 Canary, Cogswell's..do a 1 62 Teneriffe L. P.......do do 1 12 a 1 62 Do. Cargo.....do Turpentine Wilm. soft. ..do 14 00 a 14 32 Do. North Co. do.do a 42 Claret... .....cask 14 00 a 25 00 - a 2 75 Malaga, dry........do 2 37 Do. sweet......do 40 a a Spirits Turpentine, gall .gall 70 a 1 87 ..do Marseilles Madeira..do Catalonia... ...do 80 a 125 40 a 48 a 6 75 Do. Eng. & Dutch.do WOOL Whale. ...do 21 a 40 4 55 27 4 40 FLOUR AND MEALNew York suprfine..brl 5 87 THE SUBSCRIBERS, Agents for the Saugerties Paper Troy..... ......do 6 00 a 6 12 Manufacturing Company, have constantly on hand an exten Western Canal.....do 600 a 6 37 sive assortment of Royal, Medlum & Imperial Printing Paper, Philadelphia.......do 5 87 a all made from first quality Leghorn & Trieste Rags. All con- Baltimore Howard st.do 6 25 tracts made after this date, will be furnished with 480 perfect Richmond City Mills.do sheets to the ream; and all sales amounting to over $100, of Me-Do. Country...do 587 dium or Royal, out of that part of the stock which includes cas- Alexandria & Georgesia quiers, the purchasers will be allowed an extra quire of per- town.. fect paper to each double ream, with additional allowances to the Fredericksburg.....do publishers and the trade, who buy largely. The terms will be|Petersburg ...do 5 87 liberal. Apply to Scratched and fine..do 6 62 a GRACIE, PRIME & CO. 22 Broad street. Fine middlings......do à 50 a J31 pulled..do 5 87 Do. Winter.....do 1 05 a Merino, Am.. fleece...th Pulled, spinning ....da a 15 50 Lambs, 1st quality ..do Shore & Bank.do 14 00 a 3d quality...do 10 (00. 3d quality...do 30 a 35 Do. AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. PUBLISHED WEEKLY, AT No. 35 WALL STREET, NEW-YORK, AT THREE DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. D. K. MINOR, EDITOR.] CONTENTS: .page 81 .84 .85 .86 Editorial Notice-The Lay of the Locomotive; Hot Air Literary Notices; Poetry; Sales of Real Estate. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1833. races, The lean and lankey cattle look as though they'd run their tive, What stronger motive can you have, than one good loco motive. [VOLUME II.-No. 6. ed the perfecting of steamboats were, in the first place, the enormous resistances to be overcome, especially at considerable velocities or in the stemming of currents, since the opposing force of the water to the progress of the boat was as the squares of the relative velocities, and even rather greater than in this proportion. In the second place, the then state of the steam HOT AIR BLAST.-It is stated that the week-engine was not only cumbrous, but it was such ibly consumption of coals at the Clyde Iron as to require a much greater quantity of fuel Works has been reduced, by the adoption of the than at present. With these two difficulties to heated blast, from 1800 to 600 tons; while, at contend against, added to want of experience the same time, a greater quantity of iron has with regard to the best form for the boat, and been manufactured. the proper description and arrangement of the paddle-wheels, the boat was at first loaded down with the machinery, furnace and fixtures STEAM CARRIAGES ON TURNPIKES.-The whilst her motion through the water was exmany trials during the last few years, in Eng-tremely slow. Through the efforts of science and great perseverance, however, these difficulties have been so far overcome, that the steamboat now ranks amongst the most splendid achievements of man. .88-9 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, &c. land, to run steam carriages upon turnpike NEW-YORK, FEBRUARY 9, 1833. The following-to our Journal-very appropriate "Lay of the Locomotive," is taken from the second number of the KNICKERBACKER. We doubt not it was originally intended for this Journal, but by some unaccountable slip of the pen, (for poetical, as well as other pens, do slip sometimes,) it received another direction. [From the Knickerbacker for February.] THE LAY OF THE LOCOMOTIVE. BY HENRY J. FINN. "He tells you flatly what his mind is."-Shakspeare. With the swiftness of the swallow, and the color of the crow, roads, having excited the public attention, and It was at first perceived that the resistance to the motion of carriages upon an iron railway was very small, and that this resistance did not augment by an increase of velocity. It was the Perhaps in no country in the world are turn- same in any given distance along the railway, pike roads better made, or kept in a higher state let the movement be fast or slow; for this is of repair, than in England: nor is there any the law of friction; and there was no fluid or other in which the steam engine and steam other substance on the smooth, hard, even surworks are better understood or more easily and face of the iron rail to be displaced by, and to cheaply constructed and used: at the same lessen the momentum of the wheels. Here was time, animal power there is comparatively dear, an important principle, altogether unlike that population redundant, and mechanical talents which opposed the motion of a boat through extremely active. It is, consequently, in that the water, and to this principle, added to the country, if any where, that we should look for smallness of the friction, or resistance attainaexperiments of this kind; and especially since ble on railways, is owing the possibility and the full establishment of the success of the Lo-utility of the Locomotive Engine; and it will be comotive Steam Engine upon railways. The to the full developement of this principle that application of the steam engine to conveyance we shall yet be indebted for a fleetness of locoupon land, as well as upon water, had been a motion hitherto unpractised, and of which, favorite idea with men of mechanical genius, doubtless, if the facts could now be enunciated, from the time that engine had first been success- they would be received with unbelief and startfully applied in the propulsion of machinery.ling dissent. Accordingly, near the commencement of the But whilst the buoyancy of the water and the present century, experiments began to be made spaciousness of the vessel allowed comparawith steamboats and steam carriages simulta- tively slight improvements in the arrangement neously, or nearly so. Nearly 20 years from and working of the steam engine, as sufficient the commencement of the first trial served to to enable it soon to approach the point of pracbring the steamboat into full and profitable use tical efficiency in the steamboat, it was quite Coke.and a period of equal duration elapsed be- otherwise in the steam carriage, where, in comtween the first attempt and the successful run-parison, the space to be occupied by the engine, The complete success, however, of this Engine extent, whilst in point of weight their limits ning of the Locomotive Engine upon railways. water, and fuel, was necessarily of very limited in the rapid conveyance of persons as well as were likewise narrowly described. It was not of commodities, was not attained till about five easy to reduce the steam engine to the requisite years more had elapsed in the year 1828. Since portability at the same time that it should be that date the astonising results with the Loco- capable of generating and working off steam motive Fgine, in its speed and effective power enough to make it sufficiently powerful and of traction, have been brilliant and demonstra-fleet. Of all the different kinds of steam engines The principal difficulties that so long retard-"that had been invented and used, but one only I'am never dnll, for I've by heart the works complete of To legal lore I'm partial, and it never ends in smoke, For though I have not my freight, I always make a car-go. No bull-y e'er could cow me, in a gas-conading caper, the railway. united the attributes applicable to locomotion | different velocities in passing up these ascents||come 135 lb. per ton, being 134 times that on upon land, viz: The high-pressure non-con- are given as follows, viz: densing engine, and this, for the greatest economy, to be worked expansively. Rate of ascent. Force required in pounds at 6 miles. 268 at 8 miles. at 10 miles. 318 1 in 26 213 219 225 1 in 30 165 196 200 1 in 40 160 166 172 120 128 111 Considering this immense disparity in the resistances on the two kinds of road, and that the steam carriage to make good an average of 10 miles per hour on the turnpike road must actually travel at the rate of 12 or 12 miles per hour, is it surprising that the introduction of these carriages upon turnpike roads should not have been accomplished. This kind of engine, from its simplicity, lightness, power, and lesser quantity of water and fuel, was soon found to be peculiarly well adapted to the purpose; nevertheless, it has 1 in 600 been only within the last three or four years that the makers of Locomotive Engines have Thus it is proved that the force of traction on been enabled to combine in them the requisite a turnpike road varies with the velocity; that Moreover, we have just been calculating only qualities of lightness and efficiency, that have is to say, the force required to pass over one with the average resistance upon the turnpike given eclat to this splendid application of steam, mile, or any given distance, at the rate of 10 whereas, instead of a resistance of only 77 and the locomotive engine has now become as miles per hour is greater than that required to lb. per ton at 74 miles per hour, there will frepermanently established as any labor-saving pass with the same load an equal distance at 8 quently be found portions of the same road, machine. Yet it is believed that further im- miles per hour, and the resistance on an equal likewise horizontal, where the resistances will provements will be made, especially as to the space at 8 miles per hour is greater than it is be as great as 107, 111, 114, 146, 171, and even generation of steam, which will probably be at 6 miles per hour; so that the resistances up- of 228 lb. per ton at the same velocity of 24 immediately followed by the rejection of the on turnpike roads are not as on railways di- miles, as the experiments on the Holyhead road tender carriage as an appendage then no long-rectly as the spaces passed over, let the velo-evinced. The highest of these is already, wither necessary. This step by enabling the en- cities be what they may; nor are they as the out being increased from a velocity exceeding gine to draw one or two additional cars, freight squares of the velocities, as is the case with 24 miles per hour, more than 20 times the reed with persons or goods, would alone increase boats moving in water. On the contrary, the sistance on a railway. its useful effects perhaps 12 per cent. resistance upon turnpike roads appears to have Now when we add the force necessary to Whilst the steam engine has proved eminent- a ratio in a manner intermediate between those surmount ascents, we hesitate not to say, that ly successful in its application to the propelling which occur upon railways and in navigation. there is no turnpike road of any considerable of boats upon the rivers, the bays, and the There appears a remarkable uniformity in extent in this country upon which it is probalakes, and of the Locomotive carriage and its the increase of resistance from 6 to 8, and from ble that steam carriages can ever be made to train upon railways, still this potent prime mo- 8 to 10 miles per hour; so much so, that we in- run; and it is the opinion of eminent English ver has not yet been established as a motive fer the augmentation to be directly as the in- Engineers, amongst whom is the well known power upon turnpike roads, notwithstanding crease of velocity. The experiment on the Engineer and author, John Farry, and who are that the unceasing anxiety of ingenious me- ascent of 1 in 30, whilst it also shows an in- fully conversant with the experiments of Gurchanics and inventors have been directed to crease of resistance, appears to depart from the ney, Hancock, and others, that there is scarce. this object for nearly half a century, or at least condition of uniformity observable in all the ly a road on that Island upon which these carfor more than thirty years. Very many car- other instances, but this is readily accounted riages can run without the aid of post horses riages, perhaps some hundreds of them, have for on the probable supposition that at 6 miles at the ascents, on account of the mechanical been contrived and constructed, and many of per hour the wheels did not pursue the same difficulties attendant upon overcoming the gra them for a time manoeuvred on good roads, for track as in the trials at 8 and 10 miles. vity in addition to the very great retardation limited distances, and with very little or no Now the resistance to traction in these expe- from friction and resistance at the road-surface, loads; at times performing feats of notoriety, riments, as well as in all cases where a car- to be constantly encountered, even on the hoand then disappearing with the evanescence of riage is made to pass up an ascending line of rizontal parts of the road. Such, indeed, is the a meteor, whilst in one or two instances pas-road, is the sum of three different and distinct amount of the resistances to be surmounted, sengers have been for a short time conveyed by forces, that is to say, 1st, The friction caused that the adhesion to the road of the propelling them on a very level good road, as between by attrition at the axles; 2d, The resistance at wheel, for one only can be used as such in Cheltenham and Gloucester, and on some of the peripheries of the wheels on the road; and curved and angular parts of the road, will be the roads near London, but as yet it has been. The gravity overcome in the ascent. The inadequate to the traction in very many instanimpracticable to continue them in operation and 3d of these forces are as the distances ces even with the maximum load of two tons any considerable length of time, under the most osed over, and would be the same whether on the wheel. In which case should the steam favorable circumstances of road, partly on ac velocity was 6, 8, or 10 miles per hour, or be sufficiently powerful, the wheel would concount of the frequent failures in their machine- other velocity. Therefore the augmenta- tinue to revolve without advancing the carriage. ry so that, much as we may regret it, the fac n at the increase of velocity was owing to It is probably true that the adhesion upon a appears to be, that after an unprofitable expen-the nature of the 2d source of resistance. The turnpike road on account of its roughness is diture of perhaps more than £100,000 in the ue reason why this nent should so increase, greater than on an iron railway, and the amount whole, there is not yet a single line of Stean have probably already given. of this force, available in traction, may be as 5 Carriages usefully and permanently establish Analising these results by separating the to 8 on the two respective kinds of road. It ed on any turnpike road in England. three forces, and adopting the clear indications must, however, be recollected that upon railThe failure in the success of steam carria-of an increase of resistance at the road-surface ways there has never been less than two of the ges upon turnpike roads, however, is mainly in proportion directly as the increase of veloci- wheels of the locomotive employed as propelattributable to the resistance which these roads ty, it will be found that the resistance from the lers, whilst it is entirely practicable at the same offer to the progress of the wheels. Unlike 2d source will be twice as great at 12 as at 2 time so to use all the four wheels; whereas, railroads in this respect, turnpike roads oppose miles per hour. Now, as the road may be upon turnpike roads, on account of the great a resistance that increases as the velocity in- worse or better, the resistance at the road-sur- and sudden changes in direction which have creases. Upon the latter the carriage wheels face in a velocity of 24 miles per hour will be almost continually to be made, but a single pass upon a yielding surface of more or less greater or less, and so likewise will the aug-wheel at a time can be generally in gear so as firmness and tenacity, but which nevertheless mentation of this particular resistance at high- to act through its adhesion as a propeller; and gives way to their action. Semi-fluid substan- er velocities be greater or less in the same ratio, that it will be only occasionally and on the ces, dust, earth, sand, gravel, and broken stone, the effect being proportionate to the cause straight parts of the road that two wheels at are wrought up and displaced with a greater consequently, whatever may be the initial re- the same time can be used in this manner, nor force, and a greater quantity of motion is im-s stance at the road-surface, or its amount, say can more than two be so employed at any one parted to them by the wheels at each increase at 24 miles per hour, it will duplicate at a velo- time. Upon turnpike roads, the wheels must of velocity, and hence the higher the velocity city of 124 miles per hour. be perfectly cylindrical, whereas upon railways the greater is the absolute loss of momentumi The resistance at any velocity on a level rail- the principle of the cone is admirably and effiin the carriage. But whatever may be our spe-way properly constructed may be set down at ciently available in effecting changes in the diculations as to the cause, or its intensity, the 101b. per ton, of which the friction at the axles rection of motion. With these comparative fact has been well established in a series of so lb. and the resistance at the rails to the roll-advantages and disadvantages in the two syscareful experiments made upon the Holyhead ing of the wheels is 2 lb. per ton of the incum-tems, there can be no doubt, that though upon turnpike road in England. This is an excel-bent weight. the turnpike the absolute adhesion is greater lent road, both in point of construction and re- The general average of the resistance to trac- than that on an iron railway, yet relatively, as pair, made under the direction and according to tion on a level M'Adam road may be considered to the number of wheels that can be so employthe plan of Thos. Telford, Engineer, and fre- equal to that found from experiment in dry ed at once, it will be less, and, regarding the quently styled the Telford road. A set of ex-weather on the Holyhead road, 77 lb. per ton, resistances to be overcome, vastly less. periments were made under the direction of of which the friction at the axles may be 19 lb. Taking into account the very slippery state this Engineer, in order to ascertain the traction and the resistance at the road-surface 58 lb. per of turnpike roads at times, from wet calcareous at different velocities with a stage coach weigh-ton, the velocity being 24 miles per hour. earthy matter, mud, frost, ice, and snow, it is to ing, exclusive of seven passengers, 18 cwt.- Hence the average resistance on a good M'-be expected that whatever success may, in favo The trials were at the respective velocities of Adam road in a velocity of 24 miles per hour rable states of the weather and the roads, ulti8, 8, and 10 miles per hour, on each of five dif- is nearly 8 times that on a railway. mately attend the employment of steam carria. ferent pieces of road, ascending at the rate of At a velocity of 24 miles per hour, however, ges, still their use upon turnpike roads will fre. 1 in 20, 1 in 26, 1 in 30, 1 in 40, 1 in 600, re- on the turnpike, the resistance at the road-sur- quently be much circumscribed and at times dis spectively, and the results of the traction at the face will be doubled, and the traction will be-llcontinued; whilst, at all times, upon roads of a |