[From the London Mechanics' Magazine.] Therefore, 86.6 x 56 4849 6 cubic inches duct for back water through the valves, 1, leaves for the effectual result 2.7 cubic feet; And, multiplying 2.7 by 18, the number of strokes per minute, we have 48.6 cubic feet per minute 3037 lbs. = THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE "COMET."-We of water each stroke = 2.8 cubic feet. De-ry for the subsistence of the poor, or for the engive on the preceding page an engraving of a new steam fire engine, which has been built by Mr. Braithwaite for the King of Prussia, and has been named the "Comet," (in honor we presume of the portentous stranger whose near approach is -with fear of change Perplexing monarchs.) 1 ton 7 cwt. 13 lbs. Two pipes were afterwards substituted, of 7-8 inch in diameter; then four of 5-8 inch in diameter; and the effect produced in each inIt is intended to be exclusively employed for stance was as nearly as possible equivalent to the protection of the public buildings of Ber-that obtained by the 14 inch jet. lin, and will in a day or two take its departure The average working power of the engine for that capital. On Monday last we were may be therefore stated at between 80 and 90 present at a public trial of its capabilities at tons of water ejected per hour. Mr. Braithwaite's Wharf, on the Paddington The consumption of coke per hour is about Canal, and we now proceed to report the re-three bushels. is 12 inches in diameter, with a 14 inch stroke. that is to say, of every thing which is necessajoyment of the rich, of every comfort, and of every luxury of life. The benefit of this will extend, not to the consumer only, but to the producer; by lowering the expense of transport of the producer, whether of the soil or of the loom, a less quantity of that produce will be spent in bringing the remainder to market, and consequently a greater surplus will reward the labor of the producer. The benefit of this will be felt even more by the agriculturist than by the manufacturer; because the proportional cost of transport of the produce of the soil is greater than that of the manufactures. If 200 quarters of corn be necessary to raise 400, and 100 more be required to bring the 400 to market, then the net surplus will be 100. But if by the use of steam carriages the same quantity can be brought to market with an expenditure of 50 quarters, then the net surplus will be increased from 100 to 150 quarters; and either the profit of the farmer or the rent of the landlord must be increased by the same amount. But the agriculturist would not merely be benefitted by an increased return from the soil already under cultivation. Any reduction in the cost of transporting the produce to market would call into cultivation tracts of inferior The following able, yet not more able than lows; the flue is in two lengths, and the great- true, exposition of the advantages of Railroads, est diameter 5 inches. The steam cylinder, (C) is from the Edinburgh Review. It is but a fertility, the returns from which would not at The water cylinders, (of which one only (B) is plain statement of facts, yet they are so clear-present repay the cost of cultivation and transseen in the engraving,) are ten and a half inch-ly and forcibly stated, that they can hardly fail port. Thus land would become productive es in diameter, with also a fourteen inch stroke, to convince those who still doubt the truths which is now waste, and an effect would be The steam from the eduction pipe is conveyed therein set forth. We should be gratified to soil to the present extent of the country. It is produced equivalent to adding so much fertile through two coils of tubing laid in the water well known that land of a given degree of fertank, and imparts a considerable degree of see them extensively copied. heat to the water before it is transferred to the RAILWAYS.-Railways are in progress be-tility will yield increased produce by the inboiler. D is the air vessel, E the furnace grat- tween the points of greatest intercourse in the creased application of capital and labor. By ing. The feed pump, (not seen in the engrav- United Kingdoms, and travelling steam engines a reduction in the cost of transport, a saving ing), is equal to the supply of from 20 to 25 are in preparation in every quarter for the com- will be made which may enable the agriculturcubic feet of water per hour. mon turnpike roads; the practicability and utility ist to apply to tracts already under cultivation The steam having been got up (in 20 minutes of that application of the steam engine having not the capital thus saved, and thereby increase as we were informed) and the pressure in the only been established by experiment to the sat- their actual production. Not only, therefore, boiler being at 70 lbs. the square inch, the en- isfaction of their projectors, but proved before would such an effect be attended with an ingine was set to work with a single pipe applied, the legislature so conclusively, as to be taken creased extent of cultivated land, but also with of 14 inch in diameter. The height to which for the foundation of parliamentary enactments. an increased degree of cultivation in that which the water was ejected could not be less than The important commercial and political ef- is already productive. It has been said that in Great Britain there from 115 to 120 feet. The number of strokes fects attending such increased facility and speed per minute was eighteen, which gives for the in the transport of persons and goods, are are above a million of horses, engaged in variquantity of water thrown 1 ton 7 cwt. 13 lbs. too obvious to require any very extended no-ous ways, in the transport of passengers and per minute. For, tice here. A part of the price (and in many goods, and that to support each horse requires The water cylinder being 10 in diameter, cases a considerable part) of every article of ne-as land as much would upon an average support If this quantity of animal power the area of the water piston must be 86.6 cessity or luxury, consists of the cost of trans-eight men. square inches: porting it from the producer to the consumer; were displaced by steam engines, and the means And a 14 inch stroke of the engine, gives and consequently every abatement or saving in of transport drawn from the bowels of the earth, for the length of the stroke in the water cylin- this cost must produce a corresponding reduc- instead of being raised upon its surface, then, der 56 inches; tion in the price of every article transported; supposing the above calculation correct, as food. much land would become available for the sup-great a change in the powers of transition of||day of trial, ran a mile in a minute, while Steport of human beings as would suffice for an persons and intelligence from place to place, are phenson's engine requires a minute and a additional population of eight millions, or, whatnot easily calculated. The concentration of quarter to pass over the same space, or travamounts to the same, would increase the means mind and exertion which a great metropolis al-elled on a straight and level road at the rate of of support of the present population by about ways exhibits, will be extended in a consider-40 miles per hour. At present his locomotives one-third of the present available means. The able degree to the whole realm. The same ef. take an hour and ten minutes to go the thirty land which now supports horses for transport, fect will be produced as if all distances were miles between Low-hill and the depot at Manwould then support men, or produce corn for lessened in the proportion in which the speed chester. In the trials recently made on Mr. and cheapness of transit are increased.Baldwin's engine, the road was muddy so as to The objection that a quantity of land exists Towns, at present removed some stages from impair the grip, and to lessen the smoothness, in the country capable of supporting horses the metropolis, will become its suburbs; oth- and she was used immediately after her return alone, and that such land would be thrown outers, now at a day's journey, will be removed from her afternoon's trip to Germantown. For of cultivation, scarcely deserves notice here. to its immediate vicinity; business will be car-the experiment a space of two miles and a The existence of any considerable quantity of ried on with as much ease between them and quarter was selected, in which there are four such land is extremely doubtful. What is the the metropolis, as it is now between distant curves, and several very muddy crossways. In soil that will feed a horse, and not feed oxen or points of the metropolis itself. The ordinary passing through this space the steam was cut sheep, or produce food for man? But even if habitations of various classes of citizens en-off at each curve so as to visibly lessen the it be admitted that there exists in the country a gaged in active business in the towns, will be speed, and yet the whole distance was passed small portion of such land, that portion cannot at what are now regarded considerable distan- over in 3 minutes and 3-8ths. It was therefore exceed, nor indeed equal, what would be suffices from the places of their occupation. The done at the rate of 40 miles per hour. On the cient for the number of horses which must, after salubrity of cities will thus be increased by su-straight lines the speed seemed much greater, all, continue to be employed for the purpose of perseding the necessity of heaping the inhabit- but no estimate of it was then made. On a pleasure, and in a variety of cases where steam ants together, story upon story, in a confined subsequent day, however, when Dr. Patterson, must necessarily be inapplicable. It is to be re-space; and by enabling the town population to of the University of Virginia, was in the 'tendmembered also, that the displacing of horses in spread itself over a large extent of surface, with-er,' the mile on a straight line was run through one extensive occupation, by diminishing their out incurring the inconvenience of distance. in 58 seconds according to the estimates of one price, must necessarily increase the demand for Let those who discard speculations like these computer, whilst another observer of time as wild and improbable, recur to the state of counted 52 seconds. That the distance might them in others The reduction in the cost of transport of public opinion at no remote period on the sub-have been run in less time was obvious to all, manufactured articles, lowering their price inject of steam navigation. Within the memory for Mr. Baldwin made the engineer cut off the the market, will stimulate their consumption. of persons who have not yet passed the meri- steam entirely, to check a career which he fearThis observation applies of course not only to dian of life, the possibility of traversing by theed might become too great for the strength of home but to foreign markets. In the latter we steam engine the channels and seas that sur-the road, or the tenacity of the parts of the loAt 58 seconds, the speed was more already, in many branches of manufacture, round and intersect these islands, was regarded eomotive. command a monopoly. The reduced price as the dream of enthusiasts. Nautical men than 62 miles per hour. From this rapid move which we shall attain by cheapness and and men of science rejected such speculations ment no inconvenience was felt by the passenfacility of transport, will still further extend and with equal incredulity, and with little less than gers: but a stiff breeze was produced by the increase our advantages. The necessary scorn for the understanding of those who could quick motion through the air so as to endanconsequences will be an increased demand for for a moment entertain them. Yet we have ger the security of the hats. a manufacturing population; and this increas-witnessed steam engines traversing, not these By the contract the weight of the engine ed population again re-acting on the agricultu-channels and seas alone, but sweeping the face was, we understand, limited to 5 tons, so that ral interests, will form an increased market for of the waters round every coast in Europe, and on a muddy rail the weight is not such as to sethat species of produce. So interwoven and even ploughing the great oceans of the world. cure a grip for a very long and heavy train of complicated are the fibres which form the tex-If steam be not used as the only means of con- cars. What the engine could draw on a clean ture of the highly-civilized and artificial com- necting the most distant habitable points of our road cannot be well ascertained, for another mmunity in which we live, that an effect produced planet, it is not because it is inadequate to the on any one point is instantly transmitted to the accomplishment of that end, but because local most remote and apparently unconnected parts and accidental causes limit the supply of that of the system. material from which at the present moment The two advantages of increased cheapness it derives its powers. and speed, besides extending the amount of existing traffic, call into existence new objects of STEAM ENGINE.-The following very extra- this we perceive that she can pull as much as that the reduced cost of transport, as we have ordinary performance of a locomotive engine, it is possible for any engine of the same weight shown, calls new soils into cultivation, it also on the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norris-to pull on that road. Although formed on the basis of Stephencalls into existence new markets for manufac-town Railroad, is taken from the Philadel-son's engine, Baldwin's is superior in simplicity ured and agricultural produce. The great speed ||phia National Gazette. According to this de- and compactness. The boiler is lighter in front, of transit, which has been proved to be practi-scription Mr. Baldwin has outdone all who have the pumps are formed in the guide rods, there cable, must open a commerce between distant points in various articles, the nature of which constructed locomotives before him; and weis but one rod and rock shaft attached to the main valve; the throttle valve is a sliding one, does not permit them to be preserved so as to may say also, the most sanguine anticipations placed close to the station of the engineer, and be fit for use beyond a certain time. Such are, of the friends of railroads. At 60 or 40, or managed by a very short rod and lever. The for example, many species of vegetable and even 20 miles the hour, a complete revolution eccentric has no lateral motion, but is reserved animal food, which at present are confined to would be effected in the mode of doing busi-by moving the rod to the opposite side of the markets at a very limited distance from the commercial intercourse. For the same reason reason. The rails not being inclined laterally, the space pressed by the inclined rim of the wheels is very limited; but when over-loaded, the engine has shewn her great power by turning her wheels on the rails, whilst the grip was not adequate to the propulsion of her load. By centre of motion of the rock-shaft. grower or feeder. The truth of this observa-ness; and it will be done, too, before many Power and fleetness having been adequately tion is manifested by the effects which have fol-years. obtained, simplification was that for which Mr. lowed the intercourse by steam on the Irish The extraordinary speed and power of the Baldwin sought, and in that he has succeeded Channel. The western towns of England have locomotive on the Germantown Railroad should so well as to leave little if any room for more become markets for a prodigious quantity of excite more attention than it has obtained from pruning. The arrangements are such, too, as Irish produce, which it had been previously im- the enlightened community in which it has to enable the engineer to observe and correct possible to export. If animal food be transport-been made. It is the more remarkable because defects without penetrating to the interior of ed alive from the grower to the consumer, the it is in many points original, and because it is the boiler. A man-hole is therefore unnecessary. distance of the market is limited by the power the very first working engine of the locomo- On the whole, as the first instrument of its of the animal to travel, and the cost of its sup- tive kind made by Mr. Baldwin, and yet it has kind, containing so many new points, and issuport on the road. It is only particular species surpassed in fleetness and proportional work-ing from the hands of a mechanic who never of cattle which bear to be carried to market on ing power, any engine of whose performance before constructed such a machine, its strength, common roads and by horse carriages. But we have been able to find any authentic ac- ease of motion and fitness, must appear rethe peculiar nature of a railway, the magnitude count. In the celebrated trial of speed and markable. As far as our opportunity of judging and weight of the loads which may be trans-power on the Liverpool and Manchester Rail- goes, we are warranted in esteeming this enported on it, and the prodigious speed which road, the "Novelty," of Braithwaite and Erick-gine the best that has yet been constructed in may be attained, render the transport of cattle son, took the palm for swiftness, and the "Rock-any country, and fully capable of going at the of every species, to almost any distance, both et" of Stephenson that for power and efficien- highest speed compatible with comfort or easy and cheap. In process of time, when the cy. The former has not been since heard of, safety. railway system becomes extended, the metro- because of its want of adaptation to useful polis and populous towns will therefore become purposes, whilst the slower engines of Stemarkets, not as at present to districts within phenson have been at work on almost every ter from the Danville, Va. Reporter, we presume limited distances of them, but to the whole English railroad. According to the partial estimate of its friends, the Novelty, on that fine to be from General CABEL, the senior editor, we The moral and political consequences of sollrailway, cleaned for the occasion, and on a set believe, of that paper, and a member of the country. M. PETERSBURG RAILROAD. The annexed lot. [From the Danville Reporter.] The following interesting letter in relation to this great work of Internal Improvement must be exceedingly animating to the citizens of Danville, and indeed of all persons interested in the prosperity of the Upper Roanoke country. We have ever regarded it a magnificent enterprize, worthy the most liberal patronage of the State. The people of Petersburg will receive upon its completion, in addition to the renown of unrivalled enterprize, energy, and public spirit, the golden reward which she so justly merits. Wheat, [From the London Times.] present Legislature of Virginia. It sets forth wealth and comforts of an hitherto isolated mounting in the whole to $17 a share; the in vivid colors the delightful sensations produced portion of our citizens. whole amount received by virtue of these is by a first excursion on a Railroad. We hope it If it be true, as it doubtless is to a very great $63,190; nothing has been received from any extent, that the productive industry of a coun- other source except $16 75 for interest. The may have a tendency to induce other Virginians try, and consequently its social and moral im- whole amount expended is $18,669 28. to visit the Petersburg Railroad, and enjoy sim-provement, are in proportion to its advantages ilar pleasures as every visit from such a man of market, and the facilities of intercourse, We learn that subscriptions were taken as Gen. CABEL will make many proselytes to the there are still large sections of our state that last week for a new joint stock company, to eshave strong and undeniable claims upon the tablish a line of steam-carriages between this Railroad system; and Virginia will soon be prosecution of our favorite system of internal town and Boston, over the turnpike. The plan aroused to her true interest, and other parts of improvement. Wise and enlightened legisla- is said to be, to run a carriage every hour in the state will do as Petersburg has done. tion will seldom be controlled solely by pecu- the day, each way; and if the project is sucniary considerations. A mere calculation of cessful, the line will be continued to Newburydollars and cents is altogether too sordid in its port.-[Salem (Mass.) Gazette.] character, and too limited in its results, to comport with its dignity, or to accomplish the NEW STEAM-CARRIAGE.-A steam-carriage, high purposes of a government whose boast and distinction it is that it secures the greatest constructed by Col. Macirone and Mr. J. Squire, possible amount of human happiness. The Paddington-wharf, and which professes to be, ability of the state, indeed, should always be a by the superiority of its peculiar boiler, and the primary consideration. That this, considered simplification of its machinery, a decided imin reference to its present and prospective re-provement on all former vehicles of that desources, is most abundant to meet all justand scription, has been exhibited for some time past tion. It is much to be hoped that those portions out in it a few days ago along the Harrow-road, equitable demands upon it, there is no ques- in the neighborhood of Paddington. We drove of our citizens, who have hitherto been exclu- with, in all, 11 persons. The utmost velocity PETERSBURG, Christmas night, 1832. To the Editors of the Dunville Reporter :ded from legislative beneficence, will be permit-on level ground was near 10 miles an hour; a Perfectly well acquainted as you are with my senti-ted to participate in those favors which their part of the road covered with a coating of loose ments on the subject of Internal Improvement, you will not neighbors so extensively enjoy, and to which wet pebbles was crossed at a rate of about 8 be surprised at the expression of the real delight I experimiles; and the bridge over the Grand Junction enced this day, in one of the coaches drawn by the locomo- they have so liberally contributed. tive Engine (the Roanoke) from the depot, at North Spring, Schedule of Produce and Miscellaneous Property cleared Canal, where the steep is rather a smart one, two miles south of town, to Bellefield, a distance of forty- at the Collector's Office, Geneva, from April 4th to at 4 or 5 miles an hour. It ought to be observfive miles from this place by the old road, and upwards of December 15th, 1832. ed, that at this time the first fire was burning, forty by the Railroad Line. We reached Bellefield at 12 228,550 and that therefore the boiler might not have o'clock, after a passage, including at least half a dozen halts, 11,385 at different places, for various purposes. The party, of been heated to its maximum. The jolting was 2,034 which I had the honor to be one, consisted of several memnot much greater than an ordinary stage-coach. 23,988 bers of the Senate and House of Delegates, the President, Engineer and Officers of the Company, and a number of 2,256 When moving rapidly, the noise of the engine was lost in that of the carriage, but observable gentlemen of the highest respectability, residents of this place, besides some strangers, also highly respectable. From to the passengers as soon as the speed diminthe officers of the company, and the gentlemen above alluished. Some of the horses on the Harrowded to, we received the most distinguished politeness. Our road shied on seeing it. return trip from Bellefield to the North Spring was made in two hours and fifty minutes, forty minutes of which was employed either in receiving or letting off passengers, and in taking in fuel and water. On some portion of the route, I was informed that we passed at the rate of upwards of forty miles to the hour. The influence of such a ride upon our feelings is absolutely electrical. Now winding your way through an interval of deep cutting, your road lies fif teen or twenty feet below the natural surface, then reduced and smoothly graduated, now rising from five to thirty feet above the natural surface-gliding over the earth at the rate of twenty miles an hour, the very trees of the forest appearing to be waltzing on either hand as you sweep by, and yet, you sit so steadily that you may read or even write-cerLainly sleep as profoundly as on your own couch at home. The locomotive flying on the Rail-road absolutely reminds one of the fables of the Fairy Slipper, Giant's Boots, Aladdin's Lamp, the Arabian Nights are scarcely less wonderful, than the realities of spectacle exhibited before our eyes. The application of Steam to Railroads marks one of the signal triumphs of science, and one of the memorable epochs in the revolutions of human affairs. It is, perhaps, second Amount of tolls received at the Collector's Office, Ge- pressure on the boiler was 300lb. the square only to the discovery of the Mariner's Compass and art of neva, from April 4th to December 15th-thirty-five thou- inch, and the pressure on the pistons nearly the Printing. If its advantages are pushed to their legitimate sand seven hundred and seventy-four dollars and sixty-same. consequences, its benefits will be absolutely incalculable.-eight cents! of which sum six thousand four hundred and Petersburg deserves immortal honor. In WAR and in forty dollars and ninety-nine cents was received from the PEACE, in ARTS and in ARMS, she has stood forth the Cayuga and Seneca Canal. ELITE of the ancient dominion! All the heavy work of N. AYRAULT, Collector. the Railroad from Bellefield south to the Roanoke, is alCollector's Office, Geneva, Dec. 15, 1832. ready executed, and the whole line will be put into operation between July and October next. Then the Engineer promises me a ride from the banks of the Roanoke to this place in two hours. Will you believe this fancy-be assured, sir, it is a fact. Will our good friends at home never be awakened to the advantages of well planned and well executed lines of Internal Improvement? In haste, most truly, Rye, Corn and Oats, Pork and Beef, Whiskey, Gin, Cider, &c. Ashes, Butter and Lard, Peaches, Fruit, Beans, &c. bushels, 64 64 barrels, 616 1,926 kegs, pounds, 3,518 278,849 Staves, Heading, &c. Glass, Lumber, &c. boxes, 468,000 1,756 2,820,627 250,806 thousands, 16,319 bushels, 3,533 cords, 1244 The appearance of the vehicle, its boiler and grate being covered with a casting of sheet iron, and surmounted by a short chimney, seemed to be the cause of this, as there was no smoke perceptible. But on running down the Edgware-road, followed by a delighted crowd of boys and girls, it caused no alarm to the horses there. The command of the conductor over it was remarkable. Its speed was readily diminished, short turns were made with apparent ease, and hills were descended at a satisfactory pace. The whole distance travelled was about five miles, and in performing this, 3-4ths of the first supply of coke was expended. We were not able to witness the results of the second fire. On setting out the proprietor stated that the The weight of the whole vehicle when ready to move, with its supply of fuel and water, was stated by him at 24 tons. Weight of the boiler 17 ewt. thickness 3-16ths of an inch, usual quantity of water in it 20 gallons, utmost distance ever travelled with one supply of fuel [From the Boston Daily Advertiser.] and water near 12 miles, utmost cost of fuel per BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAILROAD.-On mile 3d, diameter of the (two) pistons 7 inches Saturday last, the first report of the receipts each, piston stroke 16 inches, the length of the and expenditures and of the proceedings of the steam-pipe, which he asserts does not affect the Directors of the Boston and Providence Rail-power at the working point, seemed to us about road was presented to the Senate. It states, 12 feet. Descending from the boiler, it turns that the Board of Directors, shortly after they horizontally, runs under the body of the vehicle THE SENECA AND CAYUGA CANAL.-The fol- were chosen in July, 1831, employed Wm. G. to the conductor's seat, then turns backward at lowing statement, politely furnished us by Col. McNeill, Esq. as their engineer, who proceeded rather a sharp curve, and enters the cylinders. N. Ayrault, the collector at this port, presents a to make the requisite surveys, and was after- The pistons are connected with a frame, gratifying increase of our canal revenue, and of wards contracted with by the directors as their which rests on one pair of very free elastic the business and commerce of our Lake. As chief engineer and agent for the completion of springs, placed at the front of the carriage. was predicted by its early friends and advocates, the surveys, and the construction of the road. The boiler rests on much stronger ones, but the Seneca and Cayuga Canal will soon become In consequence of his surveys and examina-also elastic. It may be necessary to mention one of the most important and profitable links in tions, the Directors were persuaded of the su-this, as it has been said that in steam-carriages our great chain of internal improvements. perior advantages of the route through Sharon, the springs have been springs only in name. The tolls of this year amount to more than which was accordingly adopted, and a portion The boiler is not tubelar, but the proprietor defourteen thousand dollars, being an access of of the road located from Waitt's mill in Rox-clines stating its peculiar nature until he has more than two thousand dollars over those of bury to the summit level in Sharon. The resi- secured a patent. One circumstance stated last year. due of the route has been accurately surveyed, by him is remarkable. He positively declares In the course of another year the Chemung and will be fixed as soon as the progress of the that though his steam-carriage has worked, and Crooked Lake Canals will be opened, and work shall require. The graduation of the on an average, four or five days a-week since will pour the products of a fertile and exten- part of it which has been located is under con-last June, it has not cost him a penny for resive country through this channel: thus at once tract, and is proceeding with all practicable dis-pairs, excepting the charge for one new set of adding to the resources of the state, and to the patch. Four assessments have been laid, a-llfire bars. The gun is loaded and primed at one operation, and is cocked by lifting up the breech to introduce the cartridge. New Gun introduced into England by M. Jac-||them to the consideration of a remedy. It is an ashes, it is natural to suppose that the poor of QUES AUGUSTE DEMONDION. From the Lon- acknowledged fact, that the poor of Europe are our community may be placed in easier circumdon Mechanics' Magazine. cheaper and better supplied with fuel than those stances as respects the article of fuel. Thouof this country. This arises in a great mea-sands of acres of land are to be found in the sure from the circumstance of ashes being held States of New-York and New-Jersey, and withThe cartridge is of a peculiar kind; contain- in high estimation by Agriculturists; they are in a few miles of this city, which abound with ing within itself a tube filled with detonating consequently a saleable article in their large peat earth; and the owners of such have alpowder, which, exploding in the very middle of the cartridge, produces a better discharge. It towns and cities, at a price equal in some in-ready began to explore their treasures of this requires a third less powder than common cart-stances to half the cost of a winter's fuel. ridges, and the bore of the gun is greater at the In the third edition of a book I published last breech than at the muzzle, which makes it carSpring, entitled "The Young Gardener's Asry farther and more correctly. From the peculiarities of the cartridges and sistant," I endeavored to stimulate the public to barrel, the cartridges taken from the enemy can à consideration of this subject; and being conbe immediately used with the new gun, but the vinced of its importance, I beg leave to intronew cartridges will not do for the pieces of theduce the following paragraph from page 178 of that work, as being calculated to exhibit the subject in its most important bearings. enemy. description. Good peat is now to be had in the city at the low price of eight cents per bushel, or three dollars per chaldron. It burns well in all sorts of stoves, and grates, whether made for wood or coal, and also on the hearth; and if the ashes are not used to any better purpose than other ashes have hitherto been, it is the cheapest fuel known. I am persuaded that this The bayonet is more easily managed in exsubject is worthy of serious consideration, and ercising; is more difficult to be pulled off by an if the editors of the different papers would enemy; is longer, and the shoulder shorter than Although our limits will not allow of a furarouse the public attention so as to enlist some usual; therefore it is stronger; and being un- ther description of the various sorts of insects derneath the gun instead of at the side, is more dangerous, and does not interfere with the aim which injure our gardens, and frequently de-of our most active citizens to a consideration of the subject, incalculable good may result to the the charge is completely covered up and protec-stroy the first fruits of our labor, I cannot forted from wet. bear directing the attention of our citizens to the community at large. If the honourable the Corporation of our The gun is so easily managed, that with a importance of saving all kinds of ashes. If all few hours practice a soldier will fire 10 to 19 shots a minute; and can load and fire upright agriculturists and horticulturists were to offer city, and others who distribute fuel amongst the or lying down-marching or standing-one al-an inducement to the inhabitants of large cities poor, gratis, would give them peat instead of most as well as the other. From not having to to save their ashes, in a dry state, they would wood, it would be much cheaper, and would anuse his arm to load, he is less liable to be be supplied not only with a valuable manure, swer every purpose to the consumers. In such wounded by the enemy's shot; and for the same but an antidote for many kinds of insects; and cases twelve bushels may be given in the first reason, the gun is particularly advantageous on board of ship. Moreover it can be loaded eas-our citizens would be at less risk from fire, by winter month to each of the applicants, instead having a brick vault on the premises for safe of wood, with a strict injunction that they save ily in the dark. And although more shots are fired in a minute, keeping them. In England, a private dwelling the ashes in a dry state, in order to their being the barrel does not heat so much as those of is not considered complete without an ash vault, taken in exchange for a future supply of peat. common guns, because at every shot there is a and a good farmer would dispense with his It could easily be ascertained how much ashes rush of air through it. guns. It is very strong, cannot be inadvertently barn, rather than be destitute of an ash-house.welve bushels of peat would make, and if a double-loaded, and is free from many of the I have known farmers supply the cottagers strict attention be paid to the conditions of exdisadvantages of flint or percussion lock guns. with as much peat as they could burn, on con- change, it would soon be discovered which of It is simple, and can be made by common dition of their saving them the ashes; and there the applicants was most entitled to the distribuworkmen, and all its parts are of regular shape, so that they can be made by machinery, which are some that will keep men under pay through-tor's bounty. The same sheds which it would be necessary to provide for housing the peat, will reduce its expense below that of ordinary out the year, burning peat for the same purpose; and any thing that has passed the fire is so val- could be used as a deposit for the ashes.It is easily cleaned, having neither cocks uable, that a chimney-sweep will frequently If such sheds be conveniently constructed to nor any complicated system of springs; and the ring that holds the bayonet on, has a screw-clean chimneys for the sake of the soot, which hold each a moderate quantity, the first which driver on it to unscrew the parts. is conveyed miles into the country, and sold at is emptied of peat may be filled with the first a price sufficient to reward the collector, be- ashes that are returned in exchange for a future sides paying all expenses; even the house-keep- supply of fuel, and they could be all used for the er's ashes in cities is a marketable article at all same purpose as they become empty. These ashes when fairly tested, may become a merRemarks on the Economy of Peat as Fuel, and times, at from ten to twenty-five cents per the Ashes as Manure, particularly in Refe-bushel, when kept dry and clean, and a guinea chantable article, as in Europe; and it is very rence to the Poor. By T. BRIDGEMAN, Florist and Seedsman. To the Editor and Pro- a load (equal to $5) was formerly the common probable that farmers may be induced to take prietor of the New-York Farmer and Ame- price in the villages of Berkshire and Hamp-them in exchange for future supplies of peat; they could, however, be conveyed into the counrican Gardener's Magazine : ry at a trifling expense, and would no doubt meet a ready sale. AGRICULTURE, &c. shire." I am persuaded, Mr. Editor, if you should succeed in arousing the public to a consideration of this important subject, that your periodical will be viewed as a public blessing; which like railroads and canals, open channels cal culated to extend our intercourse, and thereby GENTLEMEN,-I am constrained to offer Now I would ask, how it is that ashes are not my congratulations to the Farmers and Gar-as valuable to the farmers here, as they are in deners of our country, on the prospect of their Europe. The extreme heat of the summers being furnished with a periodical publication must certainly engender insects in equal if not calculated to exhibit to the attentive reader a greater proportions; and as respects manure, fund of information on subjects which are con- it must be scarcer in some parts of this extenstantly gaining proselytes; and from the circum-sive country, than it is in the dense populated stance of your having introduced into your countries of Europe. Perhaps some may anspecimen number, articles on a variety of sub-swer that ashes are already used by our culti-promote the general interest and happiness of the inhabitants of this highly favored country. jects, I shall be induced to become a more regu-vators to a considerable extent; but I would reYours, most respectfully, lar correspondent. mind such, that from the circumstance of their THOMAS BRIDGEMAN. The subject on which I am about to treat ap- being mixed up with other manures and exBowery Road, December, 1882. pears to me to be one of the utmost importance posed to all sorts of weather, (as in our city.) to the Farmer, as well as to the community at they loose their virtue, so that a load may not THE FARMER.--Happiness seems to have large. It must be acknowledged, that although be worth more than a bushel would be, if kept fixed her seats in rural scenes. The spacious this country contains an abundance of wood, dry and clean. The farmers of Europe con- hall, the splendid equipage, and the pomp of coal, and peat, as well as almost every other sider peat ashes of more value than any others, courts, do not sooth and entertain the mind in description of fuel, that the poor of our large and I am persuaded that could they be fairly any degree like the verdant plain, the enamelled cities, in general, suffer greatly from cold; and tested by some of our best cultivators, great mead, the fragrant grove, melodious birds, the heavens. if all the tales of woe could be sounded in the good may result to the community. If the farm-port of beasts, the azure sky, and the starry It is undoubtedly a fact, that in proportion to ears of a sympathizing community during ourers of England can afford to keep men under severe winter, I am persuaded it would arouse pay, perpetually burning peat for the sake of the four population, too many leave the occupation This is of the agriculturalist for other employments. SALT.-A farmer in Missouri asks through the newspapers for the reason why, when the duty on salt has been so much reduced, the price is so much increased? Is it not a fact that high duties often 'reduce prices, and vice I 10 C Heating Green-Houses and Dwellings by Hot|| 6 B versa? Certainly, so far as high or low duties My plan of increasing the heat by the same diminish or increase production or consumpfire, is on the same principle of a locomotive tion. Instance molasses and coffee. Very steam engine, which is, I have found to be, very soon after a duty of ten cents per gallon was SIR,-I herewith send you my plan for great, having no boiler or cistern, but tubes in laid on molasses, by the tariff of 1828, its selling heating by hot water. To save time and room, the fire, which is the reason our Liverpool railprice declined in the West Indies and the Uni- have sent part of the London Mechanic's Mag-way carriages have such great power. ted States-for the distilleries were stopped azine, which was published May 19, so that and coffee, for a year or two past, though the duty had been reduced from five cents to one you may select what part you think proper, and inches inside-these tubes put the water in References.-1, the tubes, 21 inches long, 14 cent per pound, has been dearer than it was in the above plan I have drawn expressly for your motion as soon as the fire is kindled; 2, supseveral preceding years. Duties may, or may work, which will be of greater power than the ports the tubes; 3, the conductor through the not, enhance the price of articles for price de- one in the Mechanic's Magazine, or Gardener's top of the flue; 4, the upper pipes for the hot pends on supply and demand. The advanced price of salt, as above suggested, may be caused Magazine. Whether the hot water system is water, which is carried forward with great power to 5, and returns through the pipe, 6, by a discouragement of the makers of it in the in use in America, I know not; but the fol- which is about 3 inches inside--the upper pipes west, in consequence of a reduction of duty on lowing plan will well repay the expense. The are only 1 inch inside; 7, the reservoir, for the imported article. A brisk competition a- fire-place is on the same principle as Witty's supplying the waste-it supplies itself by a mong producers is the surest means of cheap- Improved Furnace in the Gardener's Magazine, that the water gets in, and prevents the whole small aperture at 8-a loose plug is fixed so ening commodities to consumers. But it is volume 7th, page 482. It is founded on the force of the hot water entering the reservoir, hard to make the people believe that duties on imports are not always taxes imposed on them; modern discoveries in chemistry, and forms so which would cause too great a steam in the and yet a greater or more injurious mistake beautiful an instance of the application of sci-house-by the stroke, as described in the other can hardly be committed on the subject of tax-entific principle to the useful arts that I shal plan, I have removed one end of the reservoir, ation. Price, besides, is relative. Tens of to show the place where it supplies the pipes, thousands of persons were starving in Ireland attempt to give your readers an idea of it. Coal, at 8; I have removed the brick-work at the when potatoes were selling for less than one-when dry, if submitted to distillation, or in other side of the fire to show the tubes; 10, there is third of a cent per pound-at which time they words exposed to greater heat, emits a large a sliding door for feeding the fire, as described were worth in the cities of the United States quantity of aqueous vapor and inflammable in the other plan; C is the fire-place, also desone and a half cents per pound; but the first cribed in the other plan; A B, to be considered had not the means to purchase potatoes, and gas and becomes coke, which consists, when as running all the length of the front flue. hence they were dear in Ireland, though cheap the coal is pure, almost entirely of carbonain the United States.-[Niles' Reg.] ceous matter. My fire-place is an inclined You will not perhaps have seen in the Garplane and terminated by a grate, and I also dener's Magazine a plan of a hot water cistern find that it is of no consequence whether the being fixed on the top of the flue; you will therefore select what part of this communicagrate is fixed or moveable, like Witty's. BUTTER. With the exception of leather, we believe there is no single article shipped from this place that bears any comparison to the value of Butter. We have been politely furnish- As the fire begins to burn at the lower end, tion you think proper, as you will have obed by the two principal freighting establish- and which is supported by air admitted through served in the last number of the Gardener's ments in the village, with the quantity of butter the grate, the coal, while it lies on the under Magazine a notice of Perkins' mode of heating shipped by them respectively during the last sixty days, seven-eighths or nine-tenths of which surface of the inclined plane, and before it by hot water, and I suppose you will have a dewas made in the county of Delaware. The reaches the grate, undergoes a dry distillation, scription of it in the next number for June: so quantity shipped by Penfield, Day & Co. was and the steam and gas which are thus expelled, that you may judge for yourself. I wrote to 8,678 firkins; and by Donnelly, Cooper & Co., occupy the space above the coal. At the same Mr. Loudon to wish him to furnish me with the 3,186 firkins, making an aggregate of 11,864 time the coal which has already undergone this time it took in getting the water to the boiling firkins. Supposing each firkin to contain 100 pounds, which is the common average, it would process, and in the shape of coke has reached point in Perkins' mode of heating, so that I make 1,186,400 pounds. The average price we the grate, is burning, and the air which passes might judge fairly of it, as I have got a drawing are told is about 13 cents per pound, which through this coke fire, heats to a very high tem- of Perkins' which appears to me not so good would amount to the sum of one hundred and perature, sweeps over the surface of the un-as Mr. Loudon thinks of it. sixty-six thousand and ninety-six dollars. burnt coal, or the inclined plane, and inflames [Catskill Recorder.] all the gas as it is evolved. Thus the gaseous TO CATCH MOLES.-Many methods are re-matters evolved from the coal are converted by commended to destroy this troublesome intru- combustion into gaseous vapors, thereby formder; but a good way, in the want of a better I remain, yours, &c. M. SAUL. Lancaster' England, May 29, 1832. AGRICULTURAL FAIR,-The Cattle Show and one, is when observing a fresh indication, to re-ing steam, and carried off through the flues, Fair of the Niagara District (U. C.) Agricultumain perfectly still for a short time. The little which are connected, diffusing heat wherever ral Society was held at Clinton, Nov. 6, when fellow will soon begin to stir the ground. By it is required without being accompanied with there was a fine display of live stock and doa sudden jump and heavy stamp with the foot mestic manufactures, and Premiums to the a single particle of smoke, which is a great ad-amount of $160, were awarded. The Spring to close his retreat, he may be taken or killed, if a hoe or an old axe previously provided, is used with dexterity and expedition. vantage to hot-house plants. Wood might be Fair of the Society is to be held at the village of |