The fundamental regulations of such schools were imperially confirmed in 1888, the minister of public instruction being ordered, in conjunction with the minister of finance and of the interior, to determine the places where such schools should be opened at the expense of the government. The new statutes (1888) relating to real-gymnasia provide for closing the special additional sections (except the commercial), and, instead of them, opening different government industrial schools, viz., the middle technical, lower technical, and trade schools.

This review relates only to those schools established for training specialists in trade works and manufacturing industries; that is, those which were opened between 1860 and 1870, but which have not yet yielded definite results.

All these technical and trade institutions may be assigned to the five following groups:

(1) Technical schools, with a course of studies similar to those pursued in middle educational institutions (classic and non-classic gymnasia, commercial schools, etc.), which resemble the non-classic gymnasia, but differ from them by a greater attention to technical subjects. The object of these schools is to give pupils (in six to eight years) a general education, and such technical knowledge as they will need as assistants to engineers. The graduates of such schools have the right of entering the high special schools (technological institutes, etc.) as permitted the graduates of classic and real (non-classic) gymnasia, and as to military service have also the same rights as these latter. The scholars, besides receiving general instruction in classes, work in mechanical shops or in chemical laboratories. To this group belong, strictly speaking, only three schools-the High Trade School in Lodz, the Irkootsk Technical School, and the Komisarof Technical School in Moscow. The Omsk and Kungursk`technical schools are partly of this class, and are therefore included in this group.

(2) In the second group may be classed those schools whose curricula equal those of town schools (grammar schools). For those entering them the knowledge of the subjects included in the curricula of primary schools is necessary, the full course of study being from four to six years; for military service their pupils have rights of the third degree (i. e., serve in regular service three years as privates), excepting the pupils of Tsarevitch Nicholas Trade School of Saint Petersburg, whose rights in this respect are higher. The curricula do not exceed those of the town schools, but these additional branches are studied— physics, mechanics, and technology of wood and metals. Such schools

are established to train master workmen, junior mechanics, machinists, and tracers. Graduates of such schools have not the right of entering high schools, although the extent of the curricula of some of them develops in the scholars a desire to continue their education. In most of the schools they follow a strict course of instruction in locksmiths' and joiners' trades, which makes their maintenance quite expensive; when there are no other financial resources the scholars are educated on the income derived from the sale of pupils' work and from the fulfilment of private orders. Many of the graduates enter as teachers of trades in lower schools, and in this way the schools of this group, not being intended for preparing trade teachers and not having any special class for such purpose, nevertheless necessarily resemble trade school seminaries; many of them are provided with boarding facilities. To such schools belong the Alexander Technical in Cherepovetz, the Count Orloff-Demidoff Trade School in Simbeersk, and the trade school of Tsarevitch Nicholas in Saint Petersburg. In this group it is necessary to include the technical railway schools, superintended by the ministry of ways and communications, but as they pursue only special courses, restricted to the needs of employment upon railways, we will not describe them.

(3) Trade (remessleni) schools with curricula not higher than those of primary schools, or sometimes reaching that of two-class village schools. Most of them accept graduates of public (peasant) schools and repeat the programme of the latter. Such schools are established for the purpose of training masters in the common trades, and also workmen. They have shops for joiners, blacksmiths, carpenters, locksmiths, shoemakers, bookbinders, and other trades, but these schools do not all furnish systematic instruction in trades. In summer the scholars mostly do manual work in the shops; most of these schools are without boarders. This group includes the Kazan, Orenboorg, Kishenev, Irbit, and other trade schools; it should also include the trade schools established by benevolent societies as in Vladimeer, Tver, and other towns, and also such trade shops as at the Tambov and Birsk trade schools. (4) To this group belongs different special schools of general education for adults, such as the school of overseers of architecture, the print ing school, the evening and Sunday special classes of the technical society of Saint Petersburg, Riga trade schools, and others. The instruction is given during the evenings when the workmen have leisure time. The graduates of such schools have the right of third and fourth degree for military service, according to the degree of their education.

(5) The general educational low schools, that is, non-technical, nontrade, which embrace the primary, district (county) or town schools, with additional trade sections.

In respect to the foregoing classification of technical and trade schools it is necessary to add that the line of separation between the groups can not be quite definite, for these various schools merge into one another. A list of the schools in the several groups, together with the number of students and graduates and the cost of support and studies, follows:

STUDENTS AND GRADUATES OF THE MIDDLE AND THE LOWER TECHNICAL AND TRADE SCHOOLS.

a All the students of the first class (35) were occupied in the joiners' shop; 21 of the second class in the locksmiths'; and of 18 of the third class 3 chose the joiner's trade.

b The other 49 of the junior class were occupied in more than one trade.

c Of this number 10 were occupied in the cooper's business and 9 in agriculture; of 7 students no information is given.

d of this number 26 were occupied in church painting and 9 had graduated in this specialty.

STUDENTS AND GRADUATES OF THE MIDDLE AND THE LOWER TECHNICAL AND TRADE SCHOOLS.

e Of this number 9 were occupied in wood and 3 did not study trade.

f Seventeen of the graduates still work in the school shops; of 1 graduate no information is given.

g Students of junior classes do not study trades.

hOf 94 graduates no information is given.

i Since 1885; of 12 graduates no information is given.