La Reale Scuola Professionale di Fabriano is maintained jointly by the government, the province, the commune, and the chamber of commerce. There are two sections of the school. The first section includes the pupils enrolled in the shops, the other section the pupils enrolled in the scholastic courses. Pupils are not admitted to the first section if under 11 or over 17 years of age; in the second section none can be received under 11 years of age. When the pupils of the first section have finished the course they may enter a shop to perfect themselves in manual labor; those of the second section, not having received the combined training of culture and technical instruction so useful in the artistic professions, may easily become proficient in the trades of the school course. The Aldini-Valeriani Institute at Bologna is a technical school. Its compound title was given it in honor of its founders, one of whom, Prof. Giovanni Aldini, in 1834, by his last will and testament, made provision for the establishment of a school of mechanic arts, and of chemistry as applied to the arts of manufacture, to be under the joint control of a committee composed of members of the university staff, of competent artists, and of the government council. To this school,

constituted on such a plan, Prof. Valeriani added an equipment for instruction in drawing applied to the arts.

The general scope of the Bologna institute is to promote technical knowledge, to train the eye and hand in the acquisition of mechanic art, and physical and chemical manipulation; to give popular courses of instruction in technical science and drawing to adult artisans; and, in general, to contribute to the improvement of art by means of instruction and experimentation in science.

The institute appears to have a good equipment for its proposed work, possessing a rich collection of machines, apparatus, models, drawings, books, etc. It has a school shop with motors and machine tools for working in wood, iron, etc., a laboratory (chemical and physical), a large drawing room, and two halls for recitations, reading, etc. The location is the convent of Santa Lucia in via Castiglione; and the establishment is supplied with water, gas, and (in part) with electric lights.

The current expenses of the institute for the year 1891 were 39,370 lire ($7,598.41). The amount was covered by the income of the school, derived from funds from the commune, from the grant of the minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce, from the evening school fees, and from various contributions.

There are three sections or subdivisions of the institute, with a respective attendance in 1890-'91 as follows:

Day section, mechanic arts department, 128; chemical and physical department, none. Evening section of geometrical and ornamental drawing, etc., all classes (number enrolled), 255; subsection, steam en gineering, 102. Of these 75 were born in the commune of Bologna, 24 in other communes of the province of Bologna, 27 in other provinces,

and 2 were foreign born. Pupils are admitted to membership in the institute at 12 years of age, if qualified for the successful pursuit of its courses of study.

The course of instruction in the department of the mechanic arts comprises the following subjects: The Italian language, geometry, the elements of physics, of chemistry, of mechanics, and of technology; morals and economics, ornamental drawing, drawing applied to the arts, general studies and exercises, and last, but not least, practice in the school shop. In the physico-chemical department the studies are essentially the same, except that practice in the chemical laboratory is substituted in a large measure for shop work. Fifty-four hours a week are occupied with school work throughout the three years' course. One-half of this time is spent in the shop.

There are six instructors in the institute-one for each of the chief specialties taught. But, besides these, there are eight assistants and master workmen who give shop instruction.

The Museo Artistico Industriale e Scuole Officine in Naples is one of the few schools which are under the control of the government. It was established in 1883; has an income of about 95,000 lire ($18,335), of which sum, however, the state contributes only 30,000 lire ($5,790), the rest being given by the province, the municipality, and by donation. The school is of an artistic character only, with 18 teachers and about 200 scholars. The course of instruction lasts three years, but continues through nearly eleven months of each year. The shops consist of ceramics, with painting, ornamenting, etc.; metal casting, on a very small scale and for ornamental purposes only, in zinc, lead, brass, and silver; gold and silver smithing, and enamelling; engraving; lithography, and chromolithography; wood carving, intarsia, and fine wood working for furniture; chiselling. The engraving, lithographing, and wood working departments had apparently about three-fourths of all the scholars. The theoretical instruction given refers only to the arts mentioned, no general educational instruction being given as the pupils are admitted only after an examination.

Scuola Industriale Alessandro Volta, Naples, is a small school established in 1886, mainly under the control of the municipality, although the state grants a yearly subsidy of 25,000 lire ($4,825). The entire income is only about 56,000 lire ($10,808). It is a good practical school, but not patronized as it should be. There is too much hard work connected with the trades taught there. There are 11 teachers and only about 65 pupils. The scope of this school is to educate good practical machinists, but it seems that the course is entirely too short, there being only three years allotted to the practical course. General education is also given, and its extent is about al pari with our high schools. The school has a good machine shop with steam power and modern tools; only metals are worked. Pupils must pass a mild examination.

Istituto Casanova, Naples, is the largest and probably the best appointed school in the entire south of Italy. It, like the preceding ones, was established by large hearted philanthropists who saw clearly the necessity of providing for the education of the children of the poor.

This school was established in 1880. It is properly an orphans' asylum, only it must be understood that the word orphan is to be taken in its most extensive sense; that is to say, children who have lost their father, or their mother, or both their parents are all called orphans. It is the aim of this institution to keep the children confided to its care away from their former associates. Children above the age of 10 years are admitted, and in many instances they are younger. They receive full elementary instruction, and are then instructed in the higher branches of education pertaining to the trade which they have chosen.

The shops connected with this school are-joinery, cabinetmaking, wood carving, gilding, machine, watchmaking, gold and silver smithing, printing (typography), for the manufacture of instruments of precision, and bronzing. The course of instruction covers eight years and sometimes longer, as they do not leave the school until they have reached the nineteenth year of age. In 1892 there were 27 teachers and about 450 pupils. The income from contributions to this school is about 65,000 lire ($12,545). The state contributes 18,000 lire ($3,474), the province 6,000 lire ($1,158), the city 10,000 lire ($1,930), the chamber of commerce 1,500 lire ($289.50), benevolent associations 7,000 lire ($1,351), workingmen's associations 11,500 lire ($2,219.50), and private donations 11,000 lire ($2,123). Besides this the school earns something from the sale of articles there manufactured.

Scuola di Lavoro della Società per l'Educazione del Popolo, also in Naples, is a good school, but its resources are limited, the entire income being only about 9,000 lire ($1,737), of which the state furnishes 3,000 lire ($579), the city 4,000 lire ($772), and the society 2,000 lire ($386). The course covers five years. They have 16 poorly paid teachers at an average of 370 lire ($71.41) a year, and claim to have about 230 pupils. At the time of visitation in 1892 they did not seem to have so many, but that may have been caused by the many branches of industry in which instruction was given. There were silversmiths, machinists, joiners, cabinetmakers, wood carvers, wood turners, gilders, model makers, electrical apparatus makers, smiths, locksmiths, bronzers, printers, and bookbinders. The majority appeared to be employed in typography and bookbinding. Their work was not very good.

There are three other schools for males in Naples which were not visited. They are scientific rather than practical. The agent of the Department was informed that these three schools, together, did not have more than six teachers, and that the pupils, nearly all of whom

were already finished workmen or apprentices in their last year, did not exceed the number of 50. The names of the schools are-Scuola di Chimica Applicata alle Arti della Società Centrale Operaia Napolitana, laboratory for smelting; Scuola di Meccanica Pratica per gli Operai presso la Reale Università, school for the manufacture of instruments of precision; Stazione Sperimentale per la Industria delle Pelli, school for experiments in dyeing.

A free school for females in Naples, called Scuola Gratuita del Ritiro di Suor Orsola, bears an excellent reputation. Twenty-nine nuns are employed as teachers and the pupils number about 600. This is an entirely charitable institution for the poor. The theoretical instruction is of the grammar school grade. Besides this practical instruction is given in sewing, embroidery, artificial flower making, and knitting and crocheting. The course covers five years, nine months' instruction per year being given; and the cost of maintaining the school is 30,000 lire ($5,790) a year, of which the state pays 17,000 lire ($3,281), the remainder being paid by a religious order.

There exists in Naples a similar school called Scuola Professionale Femminile nel Ritiro del Santissimo Ecce Homo.

In Sicily the following schools exist in which some attention is paid to industrial education: At Girgenti the Scuola d' Arti e Mestieri Gioeni, a small orphans' asylum with a shop for locksmiths and cabinetmakers; at Trapani the Scuola d' Arti e Mestieri, a middle sized orphans' asylum with shops for wood carvers, marble cutters, and workers in lava, seashells, and corals; and at Palermo the Museo Artistico Industriale e Scuole Officine, a small asylum with a shop for cabinetmaking only.

In Reggio di Calabria is a school which is theoretical rather than practical, much time and attention being devoted to drawing, and only a little modelling in clay being done.

In the Abruzzo and the Apulia divisions at Chieti and Bari very little of educational interest or importance exists, Bari having only a commercial school for mineralogy and assaying, and Chieti a very small school (Scuola d'Arti Applicata all' Industria) with about 30 pupils, and a shop for wood carving, wood turning, and cutting for tailors. There is a still smaller school for girls at Chieti in which industrial instruction is confined to knitting with machines.

At Aversa, near Naples, is the Scuola d' Arti e Mestieri nell' Istituto Artistico di San Lorenzo. This school can not be considered a school for boys, as advanced apprentices, young workingmen, and even older students are admitted. There are 9 teachers and about 200 pupils. The instruction is confined to two hours in the morning and three hours in the evening. The shops are for joiners and cabinetmakers, blacksmiths and locksmiths, gilders, wood carvers, shoemakers, tailors, weavers, machinists, printers, and hatters. This school, in which instruction is free, requires an expenditure of 9,000 lire ($1,737) per year, of which the state provides 7,000 lire ($1,351) and the province 2,000

lire ($386). Whatever is manufactured here is sold in Naples, but the receipts are divided among the pupils.

The Scuola d'Incisione sul Corallo, e d'Arti Decorative e Industriale at Torre del Greco, seven miles southeast of Naples, is an interesting establishment, as it is from here mainly that the stores and itinerant venders, not only of Naples but of all Italy nearly, are furnished with the so-called "mementos of Italy." All kinds of work in coral, lava, sea-shells, tortoise-shell, ivory, wood, metal, etc., are made here. There are but 4 teachers and about 140 pupils. The course of instruction covers five years. The school has an income of about 10,000 lire ($1,930), which are contributed by the state, the province, the municipality of Naples, the chamber of commerce, etc. This school resembles what in Austria would be called a school for house industries.

At San Giovanni a Teduccio, a suburb of Naples, is located the Scuola di Disegno Industriale ed Elementi di Meccanica. Instruction in this school approximates the manual training system. There is a small shop connected with the school where the practical rudiments of metal working are taught. No workingmen are graduated; boys are simply prepared to adopt later on some trade in the line of metal working. There are 8 teachers in all, who have charge of 40 pupils. But very few graduate, as, for instance, at the beginning of the past school year 57 pupils were entered; during the year 5 had to be dismissed for utter moral worthlessness, 12 dropped out, and only 26 passed on examination. The financial support given to this school is limited, reaching only 8,000 lire ($1,544) in all, of which the state grants 3,200 lire ($617.60), the province 2,000 lire ($386), the municipality of Naples 1,600 lire ($308.80), and the chamber of commerce 1,200 lire ($231.60). This school has existed only about six years, but the results are not gratifying to the heads of the institution, and if improvement does not ensue the school may possibly be closed.

The Scuola Professionale, at Foggia, was established by the state as far back as 1872, but deteriorated while under state management. The school then passed under the control of the local authorities and is now in a flourishing condition. There are 7 regular teachers with about 100 pupils. There are shops for wood working of every description, including carpentry and wagon making, shops for harness and saddle making, stone cutting, etc., making it one of the best and most completely appointed schools in Italy. The course covers five years. The state grants a subsidy of 1,000 lire ($193) per annum, while the chamber of commerce contributes yearly the amount 38,000 lire ($7,334), and an additional 9,000 lire ($1,737) are contributed by the province, the city, and private parties. This is really a pay school, but poor scholars are not only admitted free of charge, but are also allowed a subsidy to defray their maintenance.

Rome contains but few schools in which industrial instruction is given. Not more than seven such schools are of sufficient import