Imagens da página
PDF
ePub

digent and very diligent students may have a partial remission of these fees.

The laboratory may be used by students without cost, and chemicals and reagents are free, except nitrate of silver, platinum, and chloride of gold. Every student that has attended the laboratory instruction for at least one year receives a certificate on leaving the establishment. The laboratory is open daily from 8 a. m. to 12 m. and 2 to 6 p. m., except Saturday afternoons.

United States Consul-General Raine cites a signal instance in the case of the Crefeld school of the effect of trade school instruction upon a local manufacturing industry.

Some years ago, he writes, the Crefeld industry was nearly ruined; the old manufactories were unable to struggle any longer against French, English, and Swiss firms. A few Crefeld manufacturers, dejected but not discouraged, founded in their city a weaving school, and this soon changed the situation. Now the Crefeld factories contest with even Lyons for the supply of the markets.

SPREMBERG.

The weaving school at Spremberg, which has been in operation since. 1869, is designed to afford theoretical and practical instruction to those persons who wish to fit themselves for manufacturers, master workmen, etc., in the wool weaving industry, especially in the manufacture of cloths and buckskin materials (for bookbinding). This is a state school. The tuition fee for Prussians is, in the under class, per half-year, 110 marks ($26.18); in the upper class, 90 marks ($21.42). For all other pupils in the under class, per half-year, 120 marks ($28.56); upper class, 100 marks ($23.80).

There are six teachers, with salaries as follows: Director and first teacher, 4,000 marks ($952); second weaving teacher, 2,400 marks ($571.20); first master weaver, 1,200 marks ($285.60); second master weaver, 1,000 marks ($238); teacher of chemistry, 650 marks ($154.70); teacher of bookkeeping, 250 marks, ($59.50).

The total expenditure of this establishment was 15,190 marks ($3,615.22).

BERLIN.

The School for Manual Laborers in the city of Berlin had 41 teachers at the end of the year 1885, while the pupils in attendance during the summer numbered 1,038 and during the winter 1,485.

The cost of maintenance for the year is stated to have been 75,897 marks ($18,063.49), of which amount 16,891 marks ($4,020.06) came from tuition fees, 26,802 marks ($6,378.88) from the state, and 32,204 marks ($7,664.55) from the city funds. Instruction is given at this school in mechanics, painting, joinery, etc.

The Berlin Handworkers' Union maintained a school for masons during the year, under the direction of 21 teachers, with 168 students who were taught "theory, drawing, and projection," at a cost of 32,286 marks ($7,684.07), of which sum the students paid 15,750 marks ($3,748.50), the remainder being made up in equal proportions by the state and the commune.

The School for Chairmakers (now the City Weaving School) had 210 students in summer and 246 in the winter, ranging in age from 14 to 37 years. This school derives its support from tuition fees, state and city aid, etc.

A trade school for masons and carpenters was also conducted during the year by 3 regular teachers and 3 assistants. Besides this a school for indoor joiners, with 4 teachers and 190 students, was supported by the usual means. In this school industrial and free-hand drawing held an important place.

In addition there were special schools for bookbinders, for painters (founded by the Painters' Union), for barbers, for carpetmakers, for bakers, for smiths, and for tailors.

Associations churches, and institutes in the city seem to have supplemented the work of the special schools, and to have made liberal provision for continuation schools of various kinds.

It is no wonder that the German craftsman, with so many incentives to study, with so many facilities for acquiring skill in his trade, and living in an atmosphere of industrial thought, becomes the accomplished specialist that he is.

The Weaving School is supported by the state, the city, and by contributions of those interested in textile industries, etc. There are two departments-the day school, and the school for evening and Sunday instruction. The object of the day school is to give theoretical and practical instruction in weaving to those merchants and manufacturers who devote themselves to textile specialties.

The department of evening and Sunday instruction serves to perfect apprentices and journeymen in the specialties of weaving in which they are practically engaged.

In the day school the tuition fee for the first school year is 300 marks ($71.40); for the second year, 100 marks ($23.80). "Guests" pay 5 marks ($1.19) for each week of teaching. Merchants who attend the Sunday and evening departments pay 3 marks (71 cents) for each week of instruction, while artisans have no tuition to pay for attendance in this department. There are two divisions of the day school; one is taught from 8 a. m. to 12 m. every day, the other from 2 to 6 p. m.

In the Sunday and evening division instruction is given in free-hand drawing, analysis and composition of fabrics, hand and power loom weaving, pattern drawing, theory of weaving, working of stocking machines, decomposition of yarns, practical and theoretical mechanics. of stocking machines, etc.

According to the report of February 1891 the number of pupils in the day weaving school was 26; in the Sunday and evening school, 280. At the Masons and Carpenters' School young people who have already worked for some time at a building trade may be further instructed in their respective specialties (as building construction, knowledge of materials, etc.), concerning which little could be learned in actual business, except by disastrous experiment.

Master Builder Felisch is the superintendent of this school, in which 493 pupils were enrolled during the year. The masons were divided into 9 classes and the carpenters into 5, for the purposes of instruction. The tuition fee is 5 marks ($1.19) per half-year.

The School for Joiners is intended to give (aside from the practical skill acquired in the workshop) such knowledge as is requisite for an independent journeyman or master. The instruction includes free-hand drawing, projections, and special drawing (Fachzeichnen). Tuition is free. Instruction is given from 8 a. m. to 12 m. for 40 Sundays per year.

There are also two other courses-one a preparatory course in special drawing, the other a separate course of instruction in the use of working tools and in respect to the properties and qualities of materials. In these preparatory classes the teaching is carried on in the evenings of Monday and Tuesday. The number of pupils was 409.

The School for Shoemakers is supported in part by the state, in part by the city, by the Sunday Free School Society, and by the guild. Tuition is free for apprentices, but journeymen or masters pay 1 mark (24 cents) quarterly for instruction.

The theoretical teaching is confined to the evening classes. The technical instruction is given from 9 to 12 on Sunday forenoons and from 7 to 10 on Tuesday evenings. The number of pupils was 350.

The School for Painters (sustained by the state, city, and guild) furnishes free instruction to apprentices of members of the guild, while helpers have to pay 9 marks ($2.14) per semester.

From November to March the evening classes are taught, on week days, from 5 to 8 o'clock. The day classes are held from half past 1 to 4 o'clock every afternoon, and from 9 to 12 on Sunday forenoons. The pupils numbered 360.

Other Fach schools of Berlin were the Barbers' School with 399 pupils, the Saddlers' School with 120 pupils, the School of Interior Decorators with 175 pupils, the School for Smiths with 114 pupils, the Glaziers' School with 64 pupils, the School of the Chimney-sweepers' Guild with 81 pupils, the Wheelwrights' Guild School with 83 pupils, the School of the Basketmakers' Guild with 36 pupils, the School of the Berlin Bookbinders' Guild with 41 pupils, the School for Printers' Apprentices with 213 pupils, a school for painters with 88 pupils, School for Bakers' Apprentices (supported by the Bakers' Guild Germania) with 153 pupils, the School for Apprentices of the Bakers' Guild Concordia

with 98 pupils, the School for Tailors with 95 pupils, the School of the Wig-makers' Guild with 86 pupils, the Pavers' Guild School with 91 pupils, the School for Confectioners with 35 pupils, the School of the Printers' Guild with 40 pupils, and the Potter's Guild School with 56 pupils.

There were altogether 11,956 apprentices under instruction in the continuation and Fach schools of the city of Berlin during the school year 1890.

The Royal Museum of Industrial Art offers instruction in special classes daily from 8 to 12 in the morning and from 1 to 4 in the afternoon. Tuition for the winter half-year is 72 marks ($17.14); for the summer quarter, 36 marks ($8.57). There are 9 special classes in which instruction is given by day, viz., the class in modelling, the class in metallurgy, that in decorative painting, the class in color printing, that in enamel painting, the class in etching, that in art embroidery, the class in sketching exercises, and the class in smithwork.

The evening classes are held every week-day evening, either from 5.30 to 7.30 or from 7.30 to 9.30. Ornamental, architectural, and projection drawing, modelling, anatomy, the history of architecture, of ornamentation, and of interior decoration, lettering, and drawing of various objects of industrial art are among the specialties taught.

The collections of the museum are open every week-day (except Monday) from 10 to 3 o'clock in winter, from 9 to 3 in summer, and on Sunday at all seasons from 12 to 3.

The library of the museum is open daily from 10 to 3 and from 6 to 10, except that it is closed, during the months of July and August, in the evening, and from August 16 to 31 in the daytime.

Herr O. Jessen, director of the Artisans' School, has published a prospectus of the school for the summer half-year of 1891, together with "news items concerning the school year 1890-'91." This is a just, as well as modest, designation of the work, for it is far from being a full report.

The Artisans' School aims to give to apprentices and helpers, during their leisure hours, that educational training in general knowledge, in drawing and industrial art (adapted to every calling), which should be added to the workshop practice as an indispensable complement.

Instruction is given in this school in the afternoons and evenings of week-days, and on Sunday forenoons. Pupils are free to choose the subjects of study. The subjects of instruction and practice are freehand and circle drawing, geometry, special drawing, industrial art formstudy, modelling in clay and wax, decorative painting, mathematics, physics, electrotechnics, mechanics, chemistry, arithmetic and bookkeeping.

The teaching in this school is specialized to an unusual degree. There are, for example, twenty-five separate courses in drawing, each

adapted to the requirements of a particular trade, as, the course for joiners, the course for turners, that for tinmen, for locksmiths, for watchmakers, for carpenters, for goldsmiths, for engravers, etc.

Besides the regular courses there are special day classes for painters during four winter months, on all week-days. Instruction is begun at 9 o'clock in the morning, and includes exercises in drawing and decorative painting. There is also, in winter, a day class for cabinetmakers, and a special school for mechanics is maintained, with technical teach ing, on week-day forenoons.

Forty-four teachers assist Director Jessen in his work. Tuition fees are regulated as follows: For eight or less than eight hours per week, 6 marks ($1.43); for twelve hours per week, 9 marks ($2.14); for sixteen hours or more, 12 marks ($2.86), for the half-year. For the day classes for painters and cabinetmakers the tuition fee is 5 marks ($1.19) per month.

During the winter half-year of 1890-'91 there were in attendance at this school 827 helpers and 1,349 apprentices; in all, 2,176. These pupils represented forty-three trades; 287 were mechanics; 190, masons; 279, painters; 215, joiners; 150, locksmiths. The ages of the pupils ranged from 14 to 30 and upward, 43 being over 30.

SORAU.

The Weaving School at Sorau was organized and opened May 3, 1886. This school aims to educate its pupils to be practical weavers, competent masters, and skilful manufacturers. The instruction is given in a full course of two classes; a half course of two classes; and an evening course.

The full course is intended for those who choose to educate themselves for the independent conduct of a manufacturing business. The short and evening courses are specially adapted to the needs of those who seek principally to perfect themselves in practical weaving.

The plan of instruction is so arranged that it is possible for students of the full course, if well prepared and diligent, as well as for those who do not care to take a thorough course in drawing, to complete the course in one year. The pupil must, as a rule, have reached the highest class in the common school before he can be received into the full course of this school.

Tuition per half-year in the full course, lower department, is 50 marks ($11.90) for Germans; 120 marks ($28.56) for foreigners. In the upper department it is the same. For half-time pupils, in both the lower and higher divisions of the school, the charge per half-year is 25 marks ($5.95). Evening pupils pay 15 marks ($3.57) per half-year.

FRANKFORT ON THE MAIN.

At Frankfort on the Main is a school of industrial art (KunstgewerbeSchule), of which Prof. Luthmer is the director, and which is under

« AnteriorContinuar »