ored the occasion by their presence. Minister von Gerber declared that hereafter no Turnhalle should be conducted without the adjunct of a school workshop.

In northern Germany there are now many institutes of manual training. School workshops have now been established at Emden, and at Königsberg, Kiel, Bremen, Leipsic, Dresden, Pforzheim, Stuttgart, Carlsruhe, etc., and recently manual training has been introduced into the Teachers' Seminary at Dresden, and placed under the direction of Clauson-Kaas.

This indefatigable worker organized a women's class at his home in Dresden in the month of July 1887, in order to prepare mothers for training their boys to some form of manual dexterity. By this meaus he sought to help those families whose boys could not, or would not, attend the public manual training school.

On the 1st day of July 1887 Dr. Götze opened a manual training seminary at Leipsic. At the beginning of the course only 22 pupils were in attendance; but soon the experiments attracted so much attention that on the 18th of July nineteen teachers in Italy applied to the Italian ministry of instruction for permission to visit Leipsic for the purpose of learning the system of manual training.

The German people began at last to appreciate manual training, and to demand it as a part of school discipline. The unremitting agitation of the question by such exponents of education as Clauson-Kaas, Götze, Schenckendorff, and Biedermann has produced its legitimate effect.

Public opinion in Germany seems to favor the extension of manual training, which is now regarded as essential to a complete educational system.

Hugo Elm gives the names of thirty cities in Germany where, at the date of the publication of his work (1886), manual training schools had been established; yet he acknowledges that his data are incomplete, and that the number of such institutions has now doubled.

The German schools of this class, however, are not ideally perfect. Prof. J. M. Ordway of Tulane University relates that a few years ago he visited a number of Gewerbeschulen, expecting to find regular manual labor schools; but he found very little manual work done there. Prussia had a few trade schools, but these generally neglected the education of the man. In Sweden he found a far better system. The Swedes came nearest to his ideal and the ideas we are trying to work out.

At the eighth German manual training congress, Herr Schenckendorff, referring to the early progress and present condition of the labor school movement in Germany, said:

In the year 1851 Prof. Biedermann of Leipsic wrote a book on Education for Labor in which he treated the subject in a striking and original manner from the point of view then assumed by the promoters of the movement in Germany. If we examine this remarkable work

we shall discover that the ideas therein expressed are in harmony with ours of today.

The speaker restricted himself to a brief sketch, but referred to a forthcoming statistical publication on the subject (in course of preparation at that time by Herr Sonntag of Leipsic), to be submitted to the next congress.

Herr Schenckendorff expressed great admiration for the system of training devised by Mikkelsen of Denmark, and said that, in respect to thoroughness, it seemed to him the nearest to perfection of any. Next in order of preference he would place the system of Salomon, who limits his teaching to joinery.

The report alluded to in the address of Schenckendorff, as in preparation, is entitled, Bericht über den Stand und die Ausbreitung des Arbeitsunterrichts in Deutschland. It is exhaustive in detail, and was presented to the ninth German manual training congress by its author, Herr Sonntag of Leipsic.

From this valuable report, and from an excellent abstract of it published in Blätter für Knaben-Handarbeit, January 1890, we summarize the following facts (it being borne in mind that the report aims to give an account of the historical development of manual training in Germany, wherever it has been introduced, from the year 1880 to 1888):

The number of school workshops in existence in Germany, and the number of places where they have been established, are the matters first recorded. Of independent school workshops there were 67 in 62 places; in teachers' seminaries, 12 in 12 places; in private and common schools, 12 in 12 places; in orphans' homes, 15 in 14 places; in boys' homes, 44 in 21 places; in reformatories, 10 in 10 places; in asylums for feebleminded, 2 in 2 places; in blind asylums, 5 in 5 places; in deaf and dumb asylums, 7 in 7 places; in school workshops with industrial object, 12 in 12 places. A total of 186 school workshops in 120 places.

From the same publication is drawn a table showing the number of pupils and instructors in manual training in Germany prior to 1880, and for each subsequent year down to 1888:

Concerning this table, it is observed that in the year 1888 the number of pupils was almost 19 times as large as in 1880, and the number of teachers 12 times as great as in 1880. The pupils of the higher schools are of the intermediate, the Latin, the real-schools, the progymnasia, the seminaries, the real-gymnasia, and gymnasia.

In the same journal, February 1890, is to be found the concluding portion of this abstract. The first table there given relates to the specific kinds of manual training in vogue in the different school workshops, as follows:

KINDS OF MANUAL TRAINING AND NUMBER OF SCHOOL WORKSHOPS.

In 1888, therefore, pasteboard work was carried on in about 80 per cent. of the school workshops; wood carving, in about 63 per cent.; joinery, in about 60 per cent.; metal work, in about 7 per cent.; and modelling, in about 3 per cent.

The following table indicates the number of pupils receiving instruction in the various special forms of manual training during the same years:

KINDS OF MANUAL TRAINING AND NUMBER OF PUPILS.

Accordingly, in the year 1888, about 43 per cent. of the whole number of pupils were pasteboard workers; about 32 per cent., wood carvers; about 31 per cent., joiners; about 1.2 per cent., metal workers; about 0.7 per cent., modellers.

The school workshops are sometimes located in rented rooms; sometimes (and for the most part) in rent free school rooms. Occasionally, in building a new Turnhalle, a specially fitted-up room is set apart for a pupils' workshop in connection with it.

The question: Should artisans or teachers give the instruction? is in the way of a practical solution. The percentages of instructors are as follows:

The number of teachers that instruct pupils in manual work has increased from 10 per cent. prior to 1880 to 81 per cent. in the year 1888; while the number of artisans that teach pupils has suffered a consequent diminution. In the school workshops instituted with an edu cational purpose teachers, with few exceptions, are the instructors. In several institutions where artisans are still retained as manual training teachers, it is openly declared that a technically educated pedagogue is to be preferred.

The principal specialties of instruction are pasteboard work, wood carving, joinery, and, to some extent, metal work and modelling. These are the five regularly instituted forms of discipline of manual training at present, though various other branches of instruction have been adopted in educational establishments that have to do with special conditions. Of these gardening is given a special preference in many places.

Generally each pupil is instructed for two consecutive hours; though in some cases the duration of the teaching varies from one and one-half to three hours. In this connection it should be remarked that everywhere in Germany manual instruction is given every day of the week, including Sunday.

The number of pupils in one department varies with the several specialties. In pasteboard work it runs from 12 to 20; in wood carving, from 10 to 24; in joinery, from 12 to 16.

Where the so-called preparatory courses exist children are received at from 5 to 6 years of age. For pasteboard work they must be at least 9 years old; for wood carving, at least 11; and for joinery, only 12 year old boys are admitted as a rule.

At Wertheim, Baden, in September 1888, was founded die Schülerwerkstatt of the city, by the school superintendent of the grand duchy. The specialty of this school is pasteboard work. In 1889 there were 53 pupils and 1 teacher. The ages of the pupils ranged from 9 to 18.

Up to February 1889 the tuition for each pupil was 1.50 marks (36 cents). Since that time it has been reduced to 80 pfennigs (19 cents). In the free city of Bremerhaven a pupils' workshop (Schülerwerkstatt) was founded in October 1888, by Herr Reuber. The city furnishes the school building, light, and heat, and also gives something for tool equipment.

Pasteboard work and wood carving are the specialties taught. In 1888 there were 32 pupils-17 taking pasteboard work, 15 wood carving. The pupils are from 12 to 14 years of age. Thirty-one of these pupils attended the Volksschule, and one a higher grade. Each pupil pays 5 marks ($1.19) for instruction and material. In 1881 manual training was introduced into the ragged school (Armenschule) at Lubeck. In 1886, after this school had been abolished, the training (Handfertig keitsunterricht) was pursued in a special shop. Carpentry, brush making, slipper making, spoon carving, fret sawing, wood carving, and straw braiding are the practical exercises. Two hours a week are devoted to instruction. In 1888 there were 75 boys under instruction. Pupils may keep their work without charge. Tuition is free.

At Halle, Saxony, on the 8th of January 1887, a manual training school was established by Dr. Schrader, director of the real-gymnasium. The classes occupy five rooms in the old Bürgerschule, Poststrasse. Dr. Schrader is director, but a committee under his supervision manages the school. A skilled workman is chosen to give instruction in each of the technical subjects pursued. Pasteboard work, carpentry, wood carving, and (when called for) turning are taught.

In 1889 (first quarter) there were 158 pupils-40 taking pasteboard work, 52 cabinet work, 66 wood carving. By the school statute boys who attend a public school can take only one manual training specialty.

In 1888 Dr. Schrader opened a teachers' course in carpentry and wood carving. Two Vienna teachers say, "The Halle shops are among the best conducted that we have seen."

In 1887 a manual training school shop (Schüler-Handfertigkeits-Unterrichts-Anstalt) was established at Glogau by the industrial society of that city. The Silesian Central Trade Union contributed 300 marks ($71.40) toward the equipment of the shop; but the establishment's current expenses are met by voluntary contributions. Nothing has been received as yet from the public (municipal) treasury. Two hundred and forty marks ($57.12) would be necessary to pay for rent of a suitable building; but such expenditure is beyond the means at the disposal of the committee. For this reason they are compelled to postpone the establishment of a much desired course in joinery.

Herr Eckert is the director, and he is assisted by two manual training teachers. Pasteboard work and wood carving are the branches taught, the latter having been begun October 19, 1887. The course of instruction runs throughout the school year.