trial chemistry, mineralogy, physics applied to chemistry, and experi mental mechanics.

The laboratory work is carried on every day in inorganic chemistry during the first year and in organic chemistry during the second. Visits for practical study are paid to industrial establishments in the vicinity. Special attention is paid to such laboratory work as is most useful to the pupils for their future vocations. The school is in session from 6.30 to 11.45 a. m., and from 2 to 5.45 p. m. All the time not required for class instruction is devoted to laboratory work.

The attendance in 1890 was 28 pupils. The young men who graduate find positions very easily, and in many cases are engaged in advance.

CHURCH SCHOOLS FOR INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.

The Society of Christian Brothers has industrial schools in the following cities: Paris--the Saint-Nicolas School (manual apprenticeship); Lyons-the La Salle School (manual training); Saint-Etienne-School of Manual Apprenticeship.

They are doing excellent work. The La Salle School has an attendance of 172, picked out from the most promising pupils in the Catholic schools of Lyons. The Saint-Nicolas School is attended by 250 pupils annually. A combination of shop apprenticeship and school attendance constitutes one unique feature of this institution as well as of the school at Saint-Etienne. The great majority of graduates take up technical vocations.

SECONDARY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS.

NATIONAL SCHOOLS OF ARTS AND TRADES, CHÂLONS, ANGERS,

AND AIX.

The first of these schools was founded as a private institution in 1780 on the estate of a nobleman. It became a national institution during the first republic, and was removed to Châlons-sur-Marne in 1806. The second was organized at Beaupréau in 1804 and removed to Angers in 1815. The third was founded in 1843 at Aix. A law passed in 1881 directed the construction of a fourth, which is now being completed at Lille.

These schools have for their object the instruction of students in the mechanical arts, and such other branches as will enable them to become superintendents and masters of workshops and industrial establish

ments.

The three schools have the same programme and regulations. The studies are for three years. No person can remain a fourth year unless, on account of sickness or another unavoidable cause, he was absent more than six weeks.

Theoretical and practical instruction is given. The following table shows the theoretical branches taught and the number of lessons devoted to each:

COURSE OF STUDY IN THE NATIONAL SCHOOLS OF ARTS AND TRADES AT AIX, ANGERS, AND CHÂLONS.

First half. Second half. First half. Second half. First half. Second half.

These studies include elements of analytic geometry, descriptive geometry, theoretical and applied kinematics, pure and applied mechanics, industrial application of physics and chemistry, drawing, industrial applications; technology, application to the construction of machines; accounting and elements of industrial economics and industrial hygiene. The practical instruction is given in the following workshops: Carpentry and patternmaking, foundery, fitting, forging, and coppersmithing.

The first three months the pupils work in the different shops. After that time they are permanently placed in the shops for which they are best fitted. During the last year, however, they are again placed in the different shops for a short time to get a better general knowledge of practical work. In this way they work at their own particular professions a little over two and a half years.

These schools each admit 100 pupils every year who board at the schools. Since 1885 pupils who board outside the school may also be admitted.

Over 4,000 pupils have graduated from these schools. Nearly all of these occupy important positions in the various industries and in the gov ernment service. A society of former pupils has existed since 1846. Its aim is to find occupations for graduates, to maintain a fraternity among them, and to publish articles on technology, science, and industrial arts written by its members. A list of the occupations of members of this society is given in another part of this report.

The instruction is gratuitous. The price for board is 600 francs ($115.80) per year. A sum of 75 francs ($14.48) for incidental expenses is paid upon entering. The cost of the uniform and clothing outfit is fixed at 300 francs ($57.90).

The state provides a scholarship for the payment, either entirely or in part, of the board of pupils who have not the necessary means. In certain cases the expenses for the clothing cutfit is paid by the state. The admission to the school is by competitive examination. Pupils must be between 15 and 17 years of age at the time of the examination for admission, and must be of French parentage.

Following are the branches in which the candidates are examined: Penmanship; French grammar and orthography; arithmetic, theoretical and practical; elementary geometry; algebra, to equations of the second degree; history of France and geography, as taught in the high schools.

The following exercises are also included: A dictation, with the definition of the words, and a grammatical and logical analysis; a lineal design, and a pen and ink ornamental design; two problems in arithmetic and two in geometry; one piece of wood work and one piece of iron work, to test the manual skill of the candidate.

These institutions are under the jurisdiction of the minister of commerce and industry, and are maintained entirely by the state. The interior affairs are administered by a director, with the concurrence of a board composed of the professors and chiefs of the workshops. The expenses of the three schools during 1890 were as follows:

OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATES OF THE NATIONAL SCHOOLS OF ARTS AND TRADES AT AIX, ANGERS, AND CHÂLONS.

Number.

OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATES OF THE NATIONAL SCHOOLS OF ARTS AND TRADES AT AIX, ANGERS, AND CHÂLONS-Continued.

1

1

7

14

1

OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATES OF THE NATIONAL SCHOOLS OF ARTS AND TRADES AT AIX, ANGERS, AND CHALONS-Concluded.

CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, LYONS.

Two important institutions projected along practically the same line as the national schools of arts and trades are the Central Industrial School at Lyons and the Industrial Institute of the North of France at Lille. The former of the two just mentioned is of a somewhat higher grade. It is in fact to Lyons very much what the Central School of Arts and Manufactures is to Paris.

About 350 have graduated from the Lyons institution, and nearly all have chosen technical vocations. They are found principally as proprietors, managers, or employés in silk and velvet factories, chemical and iron works, paper mills, engineers on railway or road construction, etc.

INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE OF THE NORTH OF FRANCE, LILLE.

This school is largely a technological institution. It was founded by the department of the north in the city of Lille. Its object is to fit civil engineers, managers, and superintendents for the workshops of the principal industries of the north of France.

The instruction is theoretical and practical, and includes lectures, designing, experiments and work in general, industrial and analytic chemistry, experiments in dyeing, work in shops, and numerous visits to industrial establishments in the region. A great part of the time is spent in the shops and laboratories. The programme of studies has special reference to industries of the neighborhood. Instruction in the textile arts is greatly developed at the institute. The lessons are accompanied by practical exercises in a large and well equipped shop, with machines of a sufficient variety to initiate the student into nearly all the operations belonging to the linen, cotton, or woollen industries.

The instruction is given in two distinct divisions-of technology (on the type of schools of arts and trades) and civil engineering (on the type of the Central School of Arts and Manufactures). Each course is divided into three sections-mechanics, spinning and weaving, and