This school was established in 1889; two years after it had 300 students. The school is free to the sons of residents of Paris who are of French nationality. The sons of French parents residing outside of Paris are admitted upon payment of 200 francs ($38.60) each year of the course. Two meals per day (breakfast and luncheon) are given to the pupils. Candidates for admission are subjected to a competitive examination on the following subjects: Copy from dictation, two problems in arithmetic to test the applicant's knowledge of simple and compound numbers, fractions and decimals and the metric system, and drawing an ornamental figure from an object in relief. The candidates must be 12 years of age and not over 16, and must be provided with certificates of birth, vaccination, and primary education. The school is maintained by the city of Paris, and is under the administration of the Paris school board. A committee of supervision, consisting of 9 members of the municipal council, 2 specialists, 2 members of the school board and one literary man, have immediate control of the school. MANUAL APPRENTICESHIP SCHOOL OF FURNITURE MAKING, PARIS. The Manual Apprenticeship School of Furniture Making, called École Boulle, was founded as a municipal institution in 1886. Its object is to form workmen for all branches of furniture manufacture, such as wood carvers, modellers, cabinetmakers, joiners, and upholsterers. The manual work comprises cabinetmaking, upholstering, wood carving, chair making, and turning in wood, iron, etc. The first year pupils work in all the shops, in order to get a general idea of the dif ferent trades relating to furniture making and to find out for which trade they are best adapted. The remaining three years are passed in the same shops, each pupil continuing at his trade. The theoretical instruction comprises industrial drawing, model and object drawing, modelling, history of art, technology, geometry, arithmetic, French language, history, and geography. The school is in session from 8 a. m. until 6 p. m. The mornings are reserved exclusively for class instruction, drawing, and modelling; the afternoons from 1.30 to 6 p. m. are employed as follows: During the first year, exclusively at shopwork; during the second and third years, two and one-half hours at drawing and modelling, and two hours in the special workshops; during the fourth year, in the workshops and in visiting museums and industrial establishments. The number of pupils admitted each year is 60, making a total attendance of about 240. These pupils are divided into the following groups after the first year: 12 cabinetmakers, 12 upholsterers, 12 wood carvers, 12 chair makers, 12 turners (wood, iron, etc.). Up to the summer of 1891 only one class of 35 pupils had graduated, 25 out of the 60 having left during the four years. Pupils must be from 13 to 16 years of age when they enter, and must be provided with a certificate of primary education. Pupils of 12 years are sometimes admitted if provided with such certificates. They are admitted by competitive examination on the following subjects: French composition-attention being given to the style, orthography, and penmanship, and object drawing-an ornamental design from an object in relief. Certificates of birth, vaccination, and good constitution are also required. The same residential qualifications are required as in the two preceding cases. The school is maintained by the city of Paris, and is under the administration of the Paris school board. The annual expenses of the school amount to about 160,000 francs ($30,880). INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSEKEEPING SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS, PARIS. There are six of these industrial schools maintained by the city of Paris. Four of them were founded recently by the city. The other two had been private institutions, but became city property, one in 1884, the other in 1886. The object of these schools is to teach young women certain trades which pertain to their sex, and at the same time to instruct them in the duties of housewives. The programmes and distribution of classes are, in general, the same in all the schools, so that the information for one will nearly apply to all. The course of instruction is divided into two divisions-the general course, in which all must take part regardless of their trades, and the special courses comprising the following trades: Plain sewing and finishing, linen needlework, washing and ironing, embroidery-white and colored, artificial flowers and millinery, corset making, underwear making, fashionable dressmaking. The general course comprises: Primary instruction (advanced); elements of bookkeeping; linear drawing; cutting and finishing; gymnasties; one foreign language (English); domestic economy and prac tical instruction in kitchen and housework. Pupils must remain at the school from 8.30 a. m. until 5.30 p. m. They are not permitted to leave for the noonday meal, but a luncheon prepared by themselves is furnished free of charge. Following is the distribution of classes: COURSE OF STUDY IN THE INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSEKEEPING SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS, PARIS. The total number of pupils in five of the schools was 1,896 in 1891. Pupils visit the schools not only to learn certain trades, but many attend simply to make themselves more useful at home. Upon leaving the school those desiring to take positions have, as a rule, very little difficulty in finding them. The schools are free to daughters of residents of Paris of French nationality. Daughters of French parents living in the suburbs may be admitted by paying 200 francs ($38.60) per annum. Pupils are admitted from the age of 12 to 15 years, upon presenting their certificates of primary education. Pupils must furnish their certificates of birth and of vaccination. The materials and the luncheon are provided gratis. The schools are maintained by the city of Paris, and are under the administration of the school board. MUNICIPAL SCHOOL FOR THE APPRENTICESHIP OF BOYS, HAVRE. This school was founded by the city of Havre in 1868. Its object is to form proficient workmen in the following trades: Locksmithing, fitting, forging, metal turning, coppersmithing, moulding and foundery work, carpentry, cabinetmaking, wood turning, wood carving, and patternmaking. The apprenticeship is for three years. Pupils, upon entering the school, are at once placed in their respective shops according to their own choice. If found unfit for the trade chosen they may be transferred to another shop. In each of the professions the pupils begin with a careful study of the names, uses, and manner of handling the various tools pertaining to the occupation. The work consists of a systematic development of the practical knowledge and skill of the pupil, by placing before him such pieces as will gradually give him experience in all the principal phases of the work of his profession. This includes both practice pieces according to a fixed programme and useful finished articles. The locksmiths and fitters take turns at the forge three months every year. The fitters take turns at the steam engines two by two. In the shopwork the pupils are separated into groups of six each, and the work performed remains always in the same group. The instruction in drawing is considered very important and comprises geometrical drawing, projections, linear drawing, and industrial drawing, the latter varying with the trade of the pupil. Following are the branches taught and the number of hours per week devoted to each: COURSE OF STUDY IN THE MUNICIPAL SCHOOL FOR THE APPRENTICESHIP OF BOYS, HAVRE. The following table shows the attendance during the year 1890-'91: ATTENDANCE AT THE MUNICIPAL SCHOOL FOR THE APPRENTICESHIP OF BOYS, At the end of the previous year the attendance was 170 pupils. The following are the occupations of pupils who finished their course of study in 1891: Fitters, 16; metal turners, 3; locksmiths, 5; carpenters, 13; blacksmiths, 2; coppersmiths, 2; machine mounters, 6; total, 47. Of 131 graduates who have formed an alumni association, only 3 are not engaged in some purely technical calling. Further statistics are unfortunately not available for this, one of the best institutions of the kind in France. Instruction is entirely gratuitous. Considerable of the work done at the school is such as is ordered by customers, or is sold in other ways. The income derived from this source is distributed, as prizes, among the pupils of the third year. These prizes generally vary from 100 to 300 francs ($19.30 to $57.90). Pupils with good records are presented with their tools upon leaving the school at the end of their apprenticeship. Candidates for admission must be from 12 to 15 years of age. They are admitted by competitive examination, and must present certificates of education and of good conduct. Pupils are on trial about two months before they are definitely placed in their respective shops. This school is maintained by the city of Havre. Small subsidies are received from the ministry of commerce and industry, and from the department. The budget for 1892 was as follows: Salaries of director and class instructors..... Fuel, for machinery, heating, etc................ Lighting, for shops, school rooms, etc.. Tools and furniture.... School supplies of various kinds.. Total..... Materials bought with state subsidies.... Materials bought with department subsidies.. Prizes to pupils and materials bought with the money obtained from sale of products of the school...... $2,489.70 4, 911. 85 772.00 2:9.50 772.00 308.80 9,513.85 386.00 38.60 1,930. CO This school is under the same direction as the other municipal schools. Conformably to the national law of December 11, 1880, a special committee of patronage and surveillance is appointed for the school. MANUAL APPRENTICESHIP SCHOOL FOR BOYS, SAINT-ETIENNE. This school was founded by the city of Saint-Etienne in 1882. Its object is to prepare for the industries of the vicinity workmen who are well instructed and who are capable of advancing to the positions. of foremen and superintendents. There are eight trades taught, viz., fitting, gunsmithing, forging, moulding, carpentry and patternmaking, weaving, dyeing, modelling and sculpture. The instruction is theoretical and practical, and covers a period of four years. During the first year the pupils pass through the different workshops in order to get a general idea of manual work. After the first year of trial they are assigned to work at their trades according to their tastes and fitness. The fitters pass some time at the forge in order to learn how to forge their tools. At the beginning of the third year they are subdividedthose who wish to become fitters and others who seek to fit themselves for gunsmiths. The patternmakers pass some time in the shops for moulding and |