Hemming handkerchiefs, serviettes, linen cloths. Flattened seams in men's shirts, and womens' and childrens' chemises. Lessons in dressmaking: childrens' stays, corset covers, caps, bibs, bedding, babies' robes or swaddling clothes; young girls' chemises. Lessons in cutting and fitting: corsets, childrens' stays, corset covers, bibs, bedding, babies' robes or swaddling clothes; young girls' chemises. Second year. Review of the various stitches used in sewing: running stitch, backstitch, quilting, hemstitch, whip-stitch. Buttonholes and connecting threads. Needle embroidery; feather-stitch. Marking embroidery without models: initials, gothic and fancy lettering. First lessons on the sewing machine: simple work. Lessons in dressmaking: mens' shirts, womens' and childrens' chemises; womens' and girls' drawers; flannel undervests; womens' skirts. Lessons in cutting and fitting: waists, flannel undervests, womens' skirts, dresses; three or four models of simple robes taken from existing fashions. Instructions in the manner of taking measures, taking orders, and fitting the clothes. Third year.-Mending different garments; darning, various kinds of stuffs; darning holes. Trimming womens' hats. Working the sewing machine. Cleaning and repairing. Lessons in dressmaking: linens for women and girls, with trimmings; laces and embroidery; chemises, chemisettes, undervests, dressing jackets, drawers, gowns, corset covers, bonnets, collars, cuffs, etc. Dresses with and without trimmings. Summer clothes for women. Exercises in cutting: clothing for little boys and girls; aprons, blouses, jackets, boys' trousers, drawers, robes, cloaks. The table which is given below shows the occupations followed by students leaving (either as graduates or without having completed the full course of study) the advanced primary schools for boys in France. during the years 1884, 1887, and 1890. The number of schools represented in the table is 537. OCCUPATIONS OF EX-STUDENTS OF ADVANCED PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR BOYS, The inference to be drawn from the foregoing official statistics is the very satisfactory one that pupils who have either wholly or in part completed the courses of study in the advanced primary schools (about the same grade as the American high school) are more and more taking up purely industrial occupations for a livelihood. The effect of manual training which has been steadily developing during the last ten years has been to augment the proportion from 11.90 per cent. in 1884 and 23 per cent. in 1887 to 29.39 per cent. in 1890. The figures just quoted refer to the whole 537 boys' advanced primary schools of France in operation on December 31, 1890. Of this number 34 have placed themselves under the operation of the law of December 11, 1880, i. e., make a specialty of trade or technical training in response to the particular industrial needs of the region where they are situated. It was officially ascertained that 46.46 per cent. of the students graduating or quitting these schools during the year 1890, either passed on to technical schools of a higher grade or entered purely industrial occupations in a technical capacity. No statistics have as yet been compiled for girls' schools of this grade. It would be both interesting and instructive to give a detailed account of many of the excellent advanced primary schools where manual training is carried on, such as at Paris, Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Rouen, and other places. But space forbids indulgence in this regard, and information relating to one or two typical ones only can be presented. MANUAL TRAINING IN ADVANCED PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR BOYS, PARIS. Every school of this grade in Paris has a workshop attached for manual work in wood and iron. The tasks assigned are practically those prescribed in the official programme of courses of study already given in detail in the preceding pages. Two hours weekly are assigned to workshop instruction in manual training in each of the three years of the course of study and two hours per week each to geometrical and to free-hand drawing. In the first year's class there is a special section composed of candidates for admission to the national schools of arts and trades at Aix, Angers, and Châlons. This section devotes ten hours instead of two hours weekly to workshop training. During the twelve years, 1878 to 1889, exactly 200 students from the advanced primary schools of Paris secured admission to the national schools of arts and trades, while 89 were admitted to the still higher Central School of Arts and Manufactures. In the third year a separation takes place into commercial and industrial sections. We give below the number of hours per week assigned to each of the prescribed subjects of study in the advanced primary schools for boys at Paris. COURSE OF STUDY IN ADVANCED PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR BOYS, PARIS. The table given below shows the occupations followed by ex-students of the advanced primary schools for boys at Paris. The figures of the table cover the years 1878 to 1889. OCCUPATIONS OF EX-STUDENTS OF ADVANCED PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR BOYS, PARIS. It is interesting to note the large number of these boys who have entered technical vocations of some kind. Of the whole number shown above, 9,277 boys, 2,584 or 27.86 per cent. appear in this class. This includes students in higher technical schools as well as those employed in technical positions either in industrial establishments or in government service. MANUAL TRAINING IN THE ADVANCED PRIMARY SCHOOL FOR BOYS (INSTITUTE TURGOT), ROUBAIX. This school was founded in 1880, and the manual training feature was added in 1885 by the city of Roubaix. The school prepares boys for the national schools of arts and trades or for commercial or industrial pursuits. The course of instruction covers four years. The instruction in theoretical branches is that prescribed by the state for advanced primary schools, more attention, however, being given to mathematics, drawing, and mechanics. The manual work is in wood and iron, one-half the time being devoted to each during the first and second years. During the third and fourth years pupils work entirely at wood or at iron. The work done consists of useful articles such as patterns for machines (made of wood) mouldings, vises, tools, drilling machines, etc., and carpentry. The workshop for metal work has three drilling machines, seven lathes, one double forge, three grindstones, twenty vises, and twenty work benches; each pupil has one hammer, six files, one rule, one squaring rule, one rim square, one chisel, and one punch. The workshop for wood work has twenty work benches and each pupil has one large plane, one jack-plane, and one ordinary plane, two saws, one chisel, and one hammer. In the daily work the foremen may teach the pupils by taking the tools in hand and showing them how to do certain parts, but in work done for examinations only the pupils themselves are permitted to touch the tools. The following table shows the course of study with the time given to each branch, and hence outlines the relative importance of manual training in comparison with other branches. The school hours are from 8 a. m. to 12 m., and from 2 to 7 p. m. with an intermission from 5 to 5.30 p.m. From 5.30 to 7 p. m. most of the time is given over to study, but there are classes in singing and German besides the studies of the table below, and manual training work. On Thursday afternoon there is no school session. COURSE OF STUDY IN THE INSTITUTE TURGOT, ROUBAIX. Composition. Dictation Drawing, linear Drawing, ornamental English.. Ethics.. Geography Geometry. Manual training. Ornament. Total. 46 461 461 401 The attendance at this school in 1891 was: First year's class, 77; second year's class, 67; third year's class, 52; fourth year's class, 32; total, 228 pupils. The pupils who leave the school enter upon commercial and industrial pursuits-mostly the former. They belong generally to the better element of the middle class (bourgeois). The pay which ex-pupils get, either as apprenticed workingmen or as clerks, etc., averages about 25 francs ($4.83) per month for such as have attended the school one year, 40 francs ($7.72) for those having attended two years, 50 to 60 francs ($9.65 to $11.58) for those having attended three years. Those who finish the course earn about 75 francs ($14.48) per month upon leaving the school. About 15 per cent. of the graduates continue their instruction at the National School of Industrial Arts at Roubaix. The instruction is gratuitous. Forty boarders are received, who pay 500 francs ($96.50) annually for board. Admission is by competitive examination. Candidates must be at least 12 years old and must have a certificate of primary education. Following is the annual budget of this school: Expenses paid by the city of Roubaix: Indemnity for residence of the director and five professors (a). Janitor.. Furnishings for laboratory and shops. Furnishings for class instruction.. One teacher of singing.. Various indemnities and sundries. Expenses paid by the state: Salary of director.... $926.40 463.20 463.20 212.30 501.80 154.40 38.60 386.00 154.40 154.40 308.80 115.80 96.50 Salaries of five professors at 2,000 francs each Total annual expenses.. 579.00 1,930.00 6, 484. 80 The brief table which is given below shows the occupations of 604 ex-students of the Institute Turgot, covering the period from 1880 to 1890: OCCUPATIONS OF EX-STUDENTS OF THE INSTITUTE TURGOT. |