6. Modelling and the study and sketching of tools in general use should be exacted of all students, as well as for the younger ones other exercises, such as paper box making, folding, cutting, basket work, etc.

7. Only scholars in the advanced division (11 to 13 years of age) and of the intermediate class (9 to 11 years) should go to the workshop. However, if circumstances permit, one might also admit those of a younger grade on trial.

8. Instruction in manual training should be given during regular class hours.

9. The following amount of time should be given up weekly to manual training in the different classes of public schools. Infant schools, six hours. Elementary primary schools, nine hours, of which five should be accorded to manual training proper, and four to drawing and modelling. Advanced primary schools, three hours in the first year and two hours each in the second, third, and fourth year classes to manual training proper, and one hour in each of the four classes to modelling. 10. Instruction in manual training should be given by a regular teacher assisted by skilled workmen chosen by competitive examination. The latter should be taken for one year on trial.

11. One general programme should be prepared and be divided into three parts, viz., for the infant schools, elementary primary schools, and advanced primary schools, respectively, so as to insure harmony, uniformity, and gradual development.

12. The manual exercises should always be preceded by theoretical and technical lessons on the subject in hand. The length of these

latter should never exceed a quarter of the regular period.

13. In order to reduce as much as possible the expense of the materials necessary for the prosecution of the work the exercises should be so graduated as to allow the greatest economy in the use of wood and iron.

14. The workmen instructors being chosen by competitive examination, should be properly remunerated and allowed to improve their situation.

15. In order to make primary teachers competent to direct instruction in manual training they should be assigned for certain periods of time. to the school in the rue Tournefort for observation and practice.

In Paris at the present time workshops for the prosecution of manual training exist in one hundred and one boys' elementary primary schools, or fully one-fourth of the whole number for France attached to this grade of schools.

Below is given a table showing the number of lessons and hours each week given to the different subjects taught in the elementary primary schools of Paris:

COURSE OF STUDY IN ELEMENTARY PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PARIS.

Lessons Hours Lessons Hours Lessons Hours Lessons Hours Lessons Hours
per per per
per per per per per per per
week. week. week.week. week.week. week. week. week. week.

History.

Geography

French language

Physicaland natural science.

1222

Object lessons

Hygiene, domestic

econ

After Paris, Lille has perhaps done the most of all French cities for the development of manual training in purely primary schools. There are nine workshops, in seven of which wood and metal work is carried on, modelling in plaster in another, while the ninth is devoted to bookbinding and paper box making. Four hundred and seventy-one pupils, between the ages of 10 and 13, receive instruction in the shops during four hours weekly.

The original cost of the equipment of all the workshops was about 30,000 francs ($5,790). Each shop is provided with ten carpenters' tables, ten benches for metal work, and four forge furnaces and anvils, so that sections of twenty-eight boys may work at one time. The annual cost of maintenance, which includes the salaries of the special teachers as well as the cost of materials used, is 15,200 francs ($2,933.60).

The instructing force consists of an overseer (surveillant) who is one of the regular teachers of the school and who has himself passed through a course of manual training in the normal school, a first-class carpenter and joiner who can also do wood turning, and a skilful mechanic who understands fitting, metal turning, and forging. The overseer occupies himself with the elucidation of drawings, theoretical explana

tions, and the supervision of the conduct of the boys. The workmen teachers are charged simply with the direction of all practical work. They are paid 500 francs ($96.50) each per year for eight hours of presence weekly (except during the holidays) in the workshops.

The system of instruction followed is quite interesting. It is the creation of Prof. C. Codron, who is the technical director of the workshops attached to the Industrial Institute of Lille, as well as the supervisor of the manual training department of the public schools.

Prof. Codron carefully designates the work to be done in the different years and even the order in which it is to be executed. He then makes on a sheet of paper a series of drawings, showing the plan, elevation, and a cross-section of the object to be executed. Dimensions are also given. In a note below he sets forth first the usage to which the object is put and then detailed practical directions in regard to its execution. These sheets are posted conspicuously on the walls of the workshops. On brackets immediately beside them are the actual objects themselves, which have been previously made by pupils and now serve as models.

The students in the drawing class draw in their workshop notebooks the objects they are expected to make. In the shop itself, with the sketch, the sheets, and a model before them, they are in the best possible position to learn how to translate a drawing into a material object of utility. This of course is the prime consideration in a skilful mechanic. It is safe to say that whoever can do this well will never want for work. Boys can be taught to do it in school, and in so learning they enhance wonderfully their material prospects in life. The period of apprenticeship is materially shortened for a carpenter, machinist, or fitter to about six months. At the end of that time the boy of 13 years of age becomes what is known in France as a half-workman and earns 1 franc (19 cents) at least per day.

The instruction in manual training is given after school hours, from half-past 5 to half-past 7, four days in the week. The classes are divided into two sections, one of which works in the wood and the other in the metal workshop. In the month of March the sections change places, the metal workers going to the wood workshop and vice versa. Students, therefore, are neither fitters nor carpenters when they graduate, but they know something of both occupations. More than this, they have learned the use of intelligence in its application to hand labor.

A kind of museum is established in each school in which the best made objects are kept on exhibition, with the name of the student workman perpetually attached.

MANUAL TRAINING IN ELEMENTARY PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR

GIRLS, PARIS.

The municipal authorities of Paris have for more than twenty years paid particular attention to the development of manual training in connection with the education of girls. Since 1867 instruction in sew

ing has formed a part of the regular programme of elementary primary schools. The progression of exercises is as follows:

In all the classes the articles necessary for an exercise in sewing— cloth, canvas, needles, and thread-must be prepared before the time set apart for the lesson.

Instruction in sewing must never be individual. It must be given orally and simultaneously to the whole class, and the theorems must always be elucidated by figures on the blackboard.

Each pupil, being provided with the necessary articles, must do the work in accordance with the method outlined.

At the end of each month the pupil must do some original work. This is properly examined and classified.

The work required of girls in the different classes is specified below in detail.

INSTRUCTION IN SEWING.

1. Course for girls between 7 and 9 years of age.

Marking: Simple stitch, cross-stitch on canvas; exercise in Roman letters.

Sewing: Running stitch, whip-stitch, side-stitch.

Application: Simple sewing, whipping, hemming.

The employment of canvas in this course is of great utility, not only for the study of cross-stitching, but for plain sewing as well. It permits putting in the hands of the children the blunted points, which preclude all idea of danger, and it accustoms them little by little to a suppleness of the fingers very necessary in sewing.

Cotton thread dyed is used, as this makes work more attractive in the eyes of the children and renders defective workmanship more readily visible.

As soon as the study of the first stitches is finished the child sews on a piece of cotton cloth without having had it made ready for her. The attention of the child is evoked by the attractiveness of this new field of labor.

One lesson of 13 hours is given each week.

2. Course for girls between 9 and 11 years of age.

Marking: Roman letters, italics, initials upon coarse cloth.

Sewing: Running stitch, side-stitch, whip-stitch, backstich, making buttonholes.

Application: Whipping, simple sewing, turning in seams, hemstitching, making buttonholes.

Mending: Putting a patch in the corner with a whip-stitch.

Both white and colored threads are used, as also cotton cloth or linen in small pieces, without being prepared.

The buttonhole stitch is first taught before cutting the cloth.

All scholars must do the same work. The teacher must watch that everything is done in the same fashion after a typical piece which serves as a pattern and has been prepared before the class.

During the first quarter each scholar makes a workbasket for herself, marks it with her name, and keeps in it her needle, thread, thimble, and scissors.

One lesson of 13 hours is given each week.

3. Course for girls between 11 and 13 years of age.

Marking Roman letters, italies, initials on fine linen or cotton cloth. Sewing: Recapitulation of the different stitches studied in the two preceding courses; exercise in herring-bone stitching.

Application: Buttonhole making, joining, eyelets, seam-stitching on the bias, seam-stitching in quilting, seam-stitching zigzag, gathering. Mending: A. square piece, whip-stitched and backstitched; a triangular piece in the same manner; darning and repiecing stockings.

Both white and colored thread are used as well as long and short needles. The pieces of cloth on which the work is done are put away in the scholar's workbasket, which she is obliged to prepare during the first quarter.

Mending, a most important thing in housekeeping, holds a conspicuous place in the programme.

One lesson of 14 hours is given each week,

INSTRUCTION IN CUTTING, BASTING, AND MAKING UP.

Instruction in cutting, basting, and making up was first organized in 1877 in the seventh and ninth arrondissements (a) as an annexed course to the girls elementary primary schools. During 1878 a general course of instruction and application was created in each municipal subdivision of Paris, which was given for three hours every Thursday. In the following year, 1879, it was decided that henceforth this important branch of education should form an integral part of the regular courses of study in all of the elementary primary and advanced primary schools of the city.

In order to make the teachers efficient to direct the work two courses of normal instruction were opened on Thursdays (the weekly holiday in the French schools), which teachers were invited to follow. As a special inducement a supplemental salary was awarded to all those who received the certificate of aptitude after having successfully completed the course. Practically all now possess the certificate.

The following programme, uniformly followed, gives in detail an outline of the work required in connection with cutting, basting, and making up:

a A municipal division equal in area to perhaps three or four wards in American cities.