OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATES OF THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, LA LOUVIÈRE.

The industrial supremacy of Liege attracts to the city artisans of every trade; and as early as 1825 a lawyer, M. Dormal, founded the industrial school, which from that time has advanced steadily in scope. and influence. From the first it was liberally supported by the citi zens, by the Society of Emulation, and by the Society for the Encouragement of Elementary Instruction. As early as 1828 a report was made showing its remarkable progress. After various changes in the faculty and curriculum the school was reorganized in 1836, the conditions of admission being made very severe. The present regulations date from 1860.

The first year's study embraces mathematics, geometry, and freehand drawing. The second year calls for mechanics, physics, descriptive geometry, and the drawing of machines. In the third year the subjects are chemistry and metallurgy, engineering, hygiene, industrial economy, applied mechanics, steam engines and their care, and drawing as applied to machines, iron work, stone cutting, and carpentry. This work is specialized as follows: Industrial chemistry and metallurgy; applied mechanics, steam; electricity; building and engineering; mining; firearms, comprising studies in the resistance of materials, wood, castings, iron, steel, boring and drilling, and all the processes in the manufacture of ordnance. From October 1 to July 1 courses are held in the evening; six hours each week being devoted to drawing, in three lessons of two hours each.

Liege is the centre not only of mines and enormous zinc and iron works, but also of an immense firearms industry. The weapons are made in sections in the homes of the workers, both men and women being employed. The pieces are then carried to the dealer, who assembles them, rejecting a piece for the slightest flaw.

At the industrial school 60 per cent. of the pupils are actual workingmen. On leaving with diplomas students easily get lucrative posi

tions, being, in fact, much sought after; and a number have become prominent in various branches of manufacture. In 1889-'90 fifty-four diplomas and certificates were distributed to those completing the three years' course. Every year six travelling scholarships, worth 300 francs ($57.90) each, are awarded to the six best pupils by the communal gov ernment of Liege. These scholarships are conferred on condition that the holders make reports on the industrial establishments to which they are accredited as visitors. In January 1892 the number of enrolled pupils was about 700. The budget for 1889-90 amounted to 32,524 franes ($6,277.13).

The following table shows the occupations of 148 of the graduates of this school:

OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATES OF THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, LIEGE.

This institution was founded in 1876, and was installed in the same building with the Academy of Fine Arts, both being under the same management. The Central Belgian railroad contributes liberally to the support of the school, and the workmen in the extensive railroad shops of the city nearly all attend the classes.

The studies are of three years' duration, two years being spent in the preparatory department prior to entrance upon the regular course. In both six hours a week are devoted to drawing. In addition to the usual studies technology and technical drawing are taught, with mechanics, strength of materials, etc. The instruction is given in French and in Flemish. A polyglot course of commercial correspondence has been added, including French, German, English, Italian, and Spanish; and this teaching is of special value to all who look forward to a mercantile career. In this department alone there were 83 pupils in the school year 1891-192, and in all departments 378 on the rolls.

The state and commune each paid a subsidy of 6,000 francs ($1,158); the province contributed 3,000 franes ($579).

In connection with this institution a milling school of immense technical significance and interest has been established. The course of instruction is most thorough and of genuine practical utility. includes the following subjects:

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The study of grains; the botany of grain bearing plants, their culti vation, the diseases peculiar to them, etc.; the structure of grains and their microscopic examination; the chemistry of grains; noxious insects; the chemistry of flour, meal, starch, etc.; the study of adulterations; bread making, the quality and analysis of bread; the applica tion of physics to milling-water, steam, electric, and wind mills; transmission of power; different systems of milling, grinding, pulverizing, granulating, etc.; and drawing, with particular reference to apparatus useful in milling.

The object of this admirable school is to train capable workmen, master workmen, and overseers in the milling industry. In 1891-'92 fifteen pupils were taking this course.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, MARCHIENNES AU PONT.

The commune of Marchiennes au Pont, near Charleroi, is relatively very populous, and it is the centre of many important industries; hence this industrial school has had a large attendance of pupils from its inception in 1873. The instruction embraces both general and special classes. The general course, lasting three years, comprises the French language, arithmetic, commerce, bookkeeping, algebra, geometry, and linear and industrial drawing. The special studies, covering two years, embrace hygiene, industrial economy, mechanics, industrial physics, metallurgy, and working of mines.

The course of industrial drawing is well organized and produces excellent results. The teaching staff consists of seven professors, most of whom are at the head of important industrial establishments. Many pupils from this school have obtained lucrative positions. Certificates of capacity are granted, after examination, to special as well as to general course students.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, MORLANWELZ.

In 1871 a drawing and industrial school was opened at Morlanwelz at the suggestion of the mayor, M. Warocqué, owner of the important mines of Mariemont and Bascoup, and for years the financial mainstay of the new institution. The instruction comprises mathematics, commercial bookkeeping, elementary and applied physics, strength of materials, machine construction, technology, the management of steam engines, mining engineering, surveying and drawing.

The evening course requires five years for its completion, the Sun

day section takes three years. The evening programme has also two subdivisions, viz., a preparatory course of three years and a two years' course of mechanical drawing. Three subdivisions exist also in the Sunday section, namely, mining, three years; mechanical engineering, three years; and drawing, duration unlimited. Nowhere in Belgium is free-hand sketching of machinery in place, and drawing machines from models, better done.

Tuition is free and pupils must be at least 14 years old to be eligible for matriculation. Certificates of capacity are awarded to such students as pass an examination in all subjects that enter into the programme of study. These certificates are of five grades. For obtaining the lowest degree the applicant must answer correctly more than 51 per cent. of the maximum number of questions; for the next higher more than 61 per cent. must be attained; for the third grade more than 71 per cent. is required; for the fourth, more than 81 per cent.; and for the highest grade more than 91 per cent. of the examination questions must be correctly answered.

The faculty includes 17 professors. In 1890 there were 170 pupils in the evening classes and 424 in the Sunday classes, a total of 594 students, some of whom were girls.

An association of pupils holding certificates from the Industrial School of Morlanwelz was founded July 19, 1885, and is prosperous, having 114 members in 1890.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, OSTEND.

Founded March 12, 1866, and reorganized in 1888, this excellent school consists of two divisions, the industrial section and the section. of fine arts. The studies in the former last three years, in the latter four years, both sections pursuing a common course during the first two years.

The special or applied classes comprise ornamental drawing, architecture, mechanics, and naval construction. Ostend being a shipbuilding centre and the seat of large government works for that purpose, much attention is paid to the subject of naval construction, with rigid preparation in drawing, geometry, and mechanics. In the government shops, where the director of the school holds a prominent position, workers are encouraged to attend the industrial classes; and most of the engineers and machinists in the mail and commercial service hold certificates from this institution. In the classroom both French and Flemish are used. The number of pupils is over 200.

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, SERAING.

The Industrial School at Seraing was founded in 1858 by the commune, with the aid of the province and the goverument, to educate young men to be designers and master workmen in metallurgy, S. Ex. 65—————14

machine construction, and civil engineering. The Cockerill iron works and other large industrial establishments contribute liberally to the funds of this institution. The instruction comprises a general or preparatory course, and a more extensive special course of practical application to the products and manufactures of the neighborhood.

In the general course of three years are taught industrial drawing, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physics, mechanics, chemistry, hygiene, and industrial and commercial economy, etc. In the special course instruction is given in chemistry and metallurgy, applied mechanics, civil engineering, practical electricity, industrial hygiene, and other subjects as the demand arises.

To serve as a preparation for the industrial school free evening classes have been opened, where the common branches, reading, writing, arithmetic, orthography, and drawing, may be followed. Pupils applying for admission to the industrial school must be 14 years of age or more, and must pass a rigid examination in these preparatory studies. The institution, so important from its local position in the heart of a dense manufacturing centre, lives up to its opportunities and keeps abreast with modern methods, lately improving and enlarging its curriculum to give greater prominence to drawing, electricity, and metallurgy.

The Cockerill iron works supports on its own premises a venture, unique of its kind in Belgium-a school for miners-composed of boys of 12, 13, and 14, who work all day in coal mines and are thus in danger of forgetting what they may have learned at school. To prevent this lapse into illiteracy and also to develop their intelligence and character, they are allowed to quit work early; and at 4 o'clock they repair to a school room where a teacher employed by the firm instructs them for two or three hours. The lessons are attended with great benefit; and it is to be hoped that this plan will be adopted by other employers of youthful labor.

INDUSTRIAL AND DRAWING SCHOOL, SOIGNIES.

The industrial and drawing schools at Soignies were united in 1859 and reorganized in 1878; and together they are now installed in a new building adapted to their purposes. In this joint school all the teaching is designed to bear upon local industries, especially on stone cutting and the survey, quarrying, and transportation of freestone, which is the chief source of revenue in this region. The studies cover five years and include arithmetic, commerce, geometry, projections and perspective, general physics and mechanics, architecture and civil engi neering, economy, linear, relief, and industrial drawing, drawing from the antique, and architectural drawing.

The school is divided into three sections: A preparatory section of drawing, with related subjects, common to all pupils, two years; a section for drawing applied in the arts and industries; and an indus