edge of general chemistry, of the manipulations of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and to train them by experimental work in the laboratory for independent research in their special callings, as chem ists of dyes, colorists, master dyers, etc.

At Villach there is a special school of wood industries (KaiserlichKönigliche Fachschule für Holzindustrie).

The school year 1890-'91-the nineteenth since the establishment of the institution-began, in accordance with the announcement of the programme, September 16, 1890, and closed July 31, 1891. The industrial and mercantile continuation schools (connected with the Fachschule) and the course in stenography opened October 5, 1890, and continued until the end of May 1891.

The Fachschule, in the strict sense of the term, is a day school, taught by the director and ten associate teachers. The continuation department is an evening school, with twelve instructors, four of whom are also teachers in the day department.

A two years' preparatory course was arranged for the opening of the school year 1891-92, and it probably went into effect at that date. The regular course in the Fachschule lasts four years.

In this school there is a section of drawing and modelling for men; a similar section for women; one for pupils of the Volksschule; a section for evening instruction (two years' course in this industrial continuation school); a mercantile continuation course of like duration; and a course of stenography.

In the preparatory course reading, writing, accounts, and drawing occupy the first year; special courses in drawing (building, technical, industrial, mechanical), commercial accounts, commercial bookkeeping, and modelling occupy the second year.

In the day school of wood work there are subdivisions for cabinetmaking, joinery, wood carving, and wood turning. In each of these specialties the course lasts four years. The conditions of admission are that the pupil must have completed the Volksschule studies and possesses sufficient bodily strength to pursue the course profitably. Free-hand and geometrical drawing, shades and projections, drawing from models, architectural form study, drawing for furniture makers and joiners, carvers, and turners, modelling, arithmetic, geometry, language and business usages, commercial bookkeeping, the elements of the technology of wood, finishing and practical instruction in furniture making, joinery, wood carving, and wood turning are the subjects taken up in the regular Fachschule.

The industrial continuation school gives to apprentices special theoretical and, as far as practicable, actual shop work instruction in each industrial art specialty and technical or commercial pursuit which is needed in the exercise of their respective callings. Attendance upon this instruction is obligatory for all apprentices.

The mercantile continuation course aims to teach apprentices to trades

those technical and commercial specialties which are of importance in the business of a merchant. The subjects taught are the German language, trade geography, arithmetic, and penmanship in the first year; in the second year course, correspondence, accounts, bookkeeping, knowledge of goods, mercantile accounts, and the laws of trade and of business. The courses in drawing and stenography are of indefinite duration. The enrolment in all departments for the school year 1890-'91 was 400. These were distributed as follows: Day school, 50; public drawing school (women), 16; public drawing and modelling school (men), 30; drawing and modelling pupils (Volksschule), 98; preparatory division, 44; industrial continuation school, 126; mercantile continuation school, 28; stenographers' course, 8.

Of the 73 day school pupils who have finished the course of instruction at this establishment since 1877 (inclusive of those graduated in the year of the report) 2 are dead, 65 remain in the occupation learned in the school, and 6 have made choice of a different life work.

The subjoined particulars afford a general idea of the station in life of the 65 graduates:

The data for the foregoing summary were obtained by means of circular letters from the school, in which the graduates were solicited to state their position in life, their income, and give their conclusions concerning such things, noting whether they were satisfied with their situation, and what influence the training of the Fachschule had exercised upon them and their condition.

It is to be regretted that there is not space to reproduce a part of the highly interesting answers, even in an abbreviated form. In general, it may be said that the most of the pupils are content with their condition in life; that some of them have, after severe struggles, attained to a favorable position; and that finally all, without exception, recognize the value of the Fachschule training, and sometimes give expression to their gratitude for it in an extravagant fashion.

The best situation held by one of the former pupils is that of director of a pottery manufactory at Bonn. The salary attached to the position is 3,000 marks ($714), in addition to which he receives other fees amount

ing to 1,000 or 1,500 marks ($238 or $357). Then come the teachers in the Fachschule. The lowest wages are reported by a pupil who went to work at Grätz at 6 florins ($2.05) a week. Between these extremes there lie very many grades, which are partly dependent upon local conditions. Higher salaries are paid abroad than at home. At Munich a joiner receives from 3 to 5 marks (71 cents to $1.19) a day; a cabinetmaker, 21 marks (85) a week; a mason, 28 to 30 marks ($6.66 to $7.14) a week. Most pupils give 2 to 4 florins (68 cents to $1.36) a day as the amount of their income. In Austria helpers report their monthly incomes at 24 florins, 32 florins, 40 florins, and 50 florins ($8.18, $10.91, $13.64, and $17.05); master workmen and foremen, 48 florins to 70 florins ($16.37 to $23.87) a week.

The commercial schools (Handelsschulen) of Budapesth are organized on a plan similar to that of other commercial schools of Austria, but with certain differences. Under the law of the people's schools a boy can not be apprenticed until he has attained his twelfth year and passed through the sixth class of the elementary school. From the elementary school the pupil passes to the lower grade of the commercial school, attendance in which is obligatory. These schools have a three years' course, with seven hours of study per week. The students are for the most part clerks and apprentices in mercantile business.

In the lower commercial schools the course includes reading, mercantile arithmetic, bookkeeping, correspondence, a knowledge of salable goods, national economy, etc.

The higher commercial schools approach more nearly to the character of special schools. Yet, besides commercial specialties, they make provision for teaching various branches of general knowledge.

Pupils are admitted to these schools at the age of 14. The first year's course consists of instruction in the Hungarian, German, and French languages, geography, history, mathematics, chemistry, technology, physics, commercial arithmetic, business methods, correspondence, and accounts; altogether, thirty hours a week. In the second and third years the same subjects are continued, with the addition of bookkeeping, the laws of trade, national economy, and finance; thirty hours per week during the second year and twenty-six hours during the third. The optional studies are English and Oriental languages, the applications of chemistry, etc.

In the year 18SS-'89 there were three commercial schools of the lower grade in the city, with an enrolment of 419 pupils altogether. Of this number 356 remained in the schools at the end of the year. In the three higher or intermediate commercial schools 466 pupils were enrolled, of whom 413 remained at the close of the year.

Such is the record of the commercial schools in Budapesth as reported in the Statistik des Unterrichtswesens for 1885-1889. It does not appear that manual exercises and workshop practice have any place in the course of instruction, except to this extent, viz., that

drawing and modelling are made obligatory. The schools give no indication of being specially adapted to qualify students for any particular trade. They apparently aim simply to give a thorough general business education.

An obscurity exists in the statistical report concerning the trade. schools of the city of Prague. In this case the calling for which students are prepared in the several schools is carefully noted; but nothing is said of any auxiliary educational discipline. The special schools of industry and trade in the city of Prague are catalogued as follows, with the number of teachers and pupils for the year 1888:

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS OF THE CITY OF PRAGUE.

There is also a city continuation school for girls, with 7 teachers and 191 pupils. A school for beer brewing, with 6 teachers and 37 pupils, and a school of instruction in the manufacture of spirits, with 5 teachers and 10 pupils, are maintained; and the unions of working women support 41 classes, in which 47 teachers are employed, and which are attended by 1,147 pupils. In addition to these there are 10 classes, with 516 students, taught by 15 teachers, in the special mercantile school.

Besides there are two mercantile academics, one for Bohemians and the other for Germans, in Prague. In the first there were, in 1888, 12 teachers and 188 pupils; in the German academy, at the same date, there were 16 instructors and 333 pupils. The name given to these institutions implies that some form of business education is carried on in them, but no explanation of its nature or extent is afforded for the satisfaction of piqued curiosity.

Of the various private schools in Prague there is little to report. There are, however, two industrial schools under private management in the city, with 2 teachers and 58 pupils; seven schools for teaching dressmaking, with 7 teachers and 47 pupils; four trade schools, with 27 teachers and 300 pupils; and a school of telegraphy, with 2 teachers and 40 pupils. But in no case is the length of the course, the programme of studies, or the cost of tuition stated.

Prague has an industrial museum, freely open to the public, in which there is a rich collection of specimens in 15 different departments.

The Academy of Commerce at Prague was opened in 1856. Like most institutions of this class, this school has a three years' course of study. The age of entrance is 14. The government grants a subvention to this school, and exempts its graduates from two years' military service. Other schools of a similar grade exist at Vienna, Pest, Grätz, and Lintz.

In Austria there are 302 establishments that give instruction in commerce to 6,000 regular students and to nearly 40,000 clerks and appren. tices.