Dage. a Er { puis } in silva { } a Concor. folio; and Schmidius improving on a similar work of CONCORDIA, a Pagan divinity of the Romans. She Concordia dance H. Stephen, has given an excellent Greek concordance had a temple on the declivity of the Capitol; another N for the New Testament, the best edition of which is in the Portico of Livia ; and a third on Mount Pala- CorcubiConcordia that of Leipsic, an. 1717. tine, built of brass by Cn. Flavius, on account of a of Guinea to an herb, which is in great esteem among bruise the leaves, and mixing them with oil apply CONCRETE, in Natural Philosophy and Chemistry, signifies a body made up of different principles, or any mixed body: thus, soap is a factitious concrete, mix- ed together by art; and antimony is a natural con- the earth. of a ratural body into sensible masses or concretes, CONCUBINAGE sometimes expresses a criminal The concordat serves in lieu of the pragmatic sanc- a man's and a woman's cohabiting together in the way law calls it an allowed custom, licita consuetudo. When The concubinage tolerated among the Romans in a tolerated cohabitance. Concubinage between such with less solemnity than the formal marriage : orva marriage a ence, a nage, a Concubi- marriage with a woman of inferior condition, and to concubines in his palace. Q. Curtius observes, that Corcubine whom he husband does not convey bis rank or qua. Darius was followed in his army by 365 concubines, Concubine. lity. Cujas observes, that the ancient laws allowed a all in the equipage of queens. Conde. man to espouse, under the title of concubine, certain CONCUPISCENCE, according to divines, an irpersons, such as were esteemed unequal to bim, on ac- regular appetite, or lust after carnal things, inherent in count of the want of some qualities requisite to sustain the nature of man ever since the fall. the full honour of marriage. He adds, that though COND, Con, or Conn, in sea language, signifies to concubinage was beneath marriage, both as to dignity guide or conduct a ship in her right course. He that and civil effects ; yet was concubine a reputable title, cons her, stands aloft with a compass before him, and very different from that of mistress among us. The gives the word of direction to the man at the helm commerce was esteemed so lawful, that the concubine how he is to steer. If the ship go before the wind, might be accused of adultery in the same manner as a or, as they call it, betwixt the sheets, the word is either wife. Starboard, or Port the helm ; according as the conder This kind of concubinage is still in use in some would have the belm put to the right or left side of countries, particularly in Germany, under the title of a the ship, upon which the ship always goes the contrary half marriage, morgengabic marriage, or marriage with way. If he says, Helm a midship, he would have the the left-hand; alluding to the manner of its being con- ship to go right before the wind, or directly between tracted, viz. by the man's giving the woman bis left her two sheets. If the ship sail by a wind, or on a hand instead of the right. This is a real marriage, though quarter wind, the word is, Aloof, keep your loff, fall without solemnity: the parties are both bound for ever: not off, veer no more, keep her to, touch the wind, though the woman be thus excluded from the common have a care of the lee-latch : all which expressions are rights of a wife for want of quality or fortune. of the same import, and imply that the steersman CONCUBINAGE, in a legal sense, is used as an excep- soever she sails, whether large or before a wind : and traveller, and man of science. See SUPPLEMENT. Hence the modern name Rennes, in Brittany. W. prince took npon himself the task of governor, and hold of 15 or 20 officers, all men of the greatest virtue applause. Conde. applause. At his return from Montrond, he had for his tutor M. de Merille; a man deeply versed in the knowledge of common law, of ancient and modern laws, of the holy scriptures, and of the mathematics. Under his direction the duke went through that new course with prodigious success. He acquired a critical taste in the arts and sciences, which he retained all his life; he never suffered a day to pass without dedicating two or three hours at least to reading; his thirst for knowledge was universal, and he endeavoured to search every thing to the bottom. His chief inclination, however, lay towards the military art; and at the age of 18 he obtained permission to make his first campaign as a volunteer in the army commanded by M. de la Meilleraye. This campaign was unfortunate; and the duke d'Enguien was only a witness of the marshal's imprudence and disgrace. Nevertheless, in this campaign he laid the foundation of that renown which made him afterwards considered as the greatest general of his age. On his return to Paris, the duke waited upon Cardinal Richelieu at Ruel. The minister was so pleased with his conversation, that he soon after made proposals of an alliance with the prince of Conde, by marrying the duke d'Enguien to Claire Clemence de Maille Breza, the cardinal's niece. The duke consented to this match out of obedience to his father; but the force he put upon himself by yielding to it was so great, that he fell dangerously ill. It was long before he got the better of his distemper; but at length he not only recovered, but became so strong as afterwards to bear the greatest fatigues with ease. The duke made two more campaigns as a volunteer; the one under the marshal de la Meilleraye, the other in the army of Louis XIII. which conquered Roussillon. In 1643, at the age of 22, he obtained from the king, at the persuasion of Cardinal Mazarin, the command of the army destined to cover Champagne and Picardy; which command was confirmed to him after the king's death by the queen regent, Anne of Austria, to whose interest he was strongly devoted. In this station, though he had never been present at any battle, he soon gave such a specimen of his abilities as crowned him with glory. The Spaniards, who threatened France with an invasion, were defeated by him at Rocroi; and this signal victory made him from that time considered as the guardian genius of his country. He next formed the project of besieging Thionville, and proposed it to the council of regency. They consented with fear and distrust; but the duke carried it into execution with such skill, activity, and courage, that he became justly the subject of general admiration. In two months time Thionville surrendered. At length, having covered Alsace and Lorrain from the enterprises of the Imperialists, the duke returned to Paris, where he obtained the government of Champagne, and of the city of Stenai. The three following years were little more than a series of military operations. The three battles of Fribourg, in which the duke d'Enguien triumphed over Velt Marshal Count de Mercy, the greatest general in all Germany; the taking of Philipsbourg, and a great number of other places, which rendered him VOL. VI. Part II. master of the palatina, and of the whole course of Conde. the Rhine; the victory of Nortlingue, by which he revenged the viscount du Turenne's defeat at Mariendal; the siege and conquest of Dunkirk; the good and bad success of his arms in Catalonia, where, though he was forced to raise the siege of Lerida, he kept the Spaniards in awe, and cut to pieces their rear guard; these are the principal events which distinguish the campaigns of 1644, 1645, and 1646. The victories of the duke d'Enguien, his great reputation and esteem with the people, began now to give umbrage to Mazarin. The cardinal's dislike to him appeared on the death of the duke de Breze, admiral of France. The prince of Conde earnestly demanded for his son the duke de Breze's places. But Mazarin, afraid of increasing the wealth and power of a prince, whom his victories and the love and confidence of the people and the army had already rendered too formidable to him, evaded his request, by persuading the queen to take the admiralty to herself. On the death of his father, the minister's dislike to the young prince of Conde became still more apparent. By the minister's persuasion he had accepted of the command of the army in Catalonia; but, on his arrival at Barcelona, he found neither troops, money, artillery, provisions, nor ammunition. Enraged at this deception, he vented his resentment in bitter complaints and severe threats: but by the resources that he found in this dilemma, the prince added new lustre to his glory. The campaign of 1648 was as glorious to Conde as those which preceded it had been. To disconcert at once the projects of the archduke Leopold, the prince resolved to attack him even in the heart of the Low Countries; and notwithstanding the considerable difficulties which he had to surmount, he besieged the important city of Ypres, and took it in sight of all the enemy's forces. Notwithstanding this success, Conde saw himself at the point of experiencing the greatest reverse of fortune. His army was a prey to scarcity, to nakedness, contagious distempers, and desertion. For eight monthis it received no supply from the minister, but half a muster. Every thing was supplied by the prince himself; he lavished his money, and borrowed more to supply his troops. When it was represented to him that he was in danger of ruining himself by such an enormous expence, he replied, that "since he every day ventured his life for the service of his country, he could very well sacrifice his fortune to it. Let but the government exist (added be), and I shall want for nothing." The French army having been reinforced by 4000 of the troops of Weimar, Conde attacked the Spaniards advantagoously encamped near Lens, and gained a complete victory over them, which disabled them from attempting any thing more, and even from supporting themselves. Afterwards he besieged Furnes, the garrison of which, 500 men, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. But the prince was wounded there in the trenches by a musket-shot above the right hip; and the contusion was so great, that he was forced to submit to several incisions. The French court, animated with the victory at Lens, thought this a proper time to take vengeance 3 Q on Conde. on the factions which for some time had violently took the field during the blockade of Paris, it was de. Coride. agitated the kingdom; and accordingly imprisoned feated and dispersed. This check was called the first give the whole kingdom a pattern of submission and troubles. Conde was caressed by the leaders of both dependence on bis will. However, not to excite the parties; but at last, enraged at the arrogance of the public indignation, he still kept up appearances with malecontents, who every day formed new pretensions. the prince, while he secretly spread about him disgusts, he took part openly with the court, though he thought suspicions, snares of every kind, and the most heinous it ungrateful, and protected the minister, though he calumnies. The ongrateful minister deceived the did not esteem him. prince by making him the most flattering proposals; The royal family, the duke of Orleans, Conde, and and with the most alluring promises, which he always Mazarin, left Paris privately in the night between the found means to avoid fulfilling. The enraged prince 5tii and 6th of January 1646, and went to St Ger- despised the minister, and treated him with disdain. mains. The parliament sent deputies to learn from After this they were reconciled again only to be again the queen herself the reasons of her departure, and at variance. Each of them in their turn courted the to beg her to name the citizens whom she suspected, country party, in order to make it subservient to their that they might be tried. Mazarin had the impru- designs. Ai last Mazarin thought of an expedient, dence to dismiss them withont any answer. Exaspe- which but too ellectually answered his purpose, of marated at this, the people again took up arms in order king an irreconcileable quarrel between that party to defend themselves against the enterprises of the and the prince. Among the malecontents, the mar. court, who had determined to block up and to starve quis de la Boulaie, a man of an infamous character, the capital, in order to suppress the party of malecon- had obtained the confidence of the party by false aptents. With 7000 or 8000 men, the broken relics of pearances of hatred to the cardinal, but secretly kept the last campaign, the prince of Conde formed a design up a correspondence with him. It is pretended that of reducing above 500,000 intrenched behind walls. be made him an offer of privately killing Conde. He had neither money nor magazines ; he saw himself Mazarin was charmed with the proposal; yet he only in the depth of a most severe winter; nevertheless he required Boulaie to exhibit all the proofs of an assassitriumphed over Paris, and this great success completed nation, and to act in such a manner that every thing bis glory. It did bim so much the more honour, might concur to render the country party suspected of as during the siege he constantly defeated the troops that crime. He was punctually obeyed; the coach of the malecontents; he prevailed on the army that was stopped; some pistols were fired at it, by which marched to their assistance under Turenne, to aban- two of the footmen were dangerously wounded; and don that general; he stopped the progress of the duke after that shameful exploit, la Boulaie took refuge in de Longueville, who had caused an insurrectiou in the hotel of the duke of Beaufort, who was the hero Normandy; and got the start of the Spaniards, who of the party, in order no doubt to countenance the were advancing to give him battle. prince's suspicion of the malecontents. Luckily Conde Condi de Reiz, coadjutor of Paris, and afterwards was not in bis coach when it was stopped ; the car. cardinal, was the life and soul of the revoltere, and dinal had spread the report of his intended assassina. directed all their motions. He had taken Catiline tion; and in concert with the queen and the prince for his model; and was equally intrepid and capable he had prevailed to have the coach sent away empty, of the greatest actions; of an exalted genius, but go- to prove the reality of the attempt. Mazarin counterverned by his ambition. He distinguished his hatred feited a zeal for the prince's life; he furiously declaimto Mazarin by arming the malecontents; and he him- ed against the malecontents, who, he pretended, had self raised at his own expence a regiment which he made an attempt on a life so precious to the state ; and called the regiment of Corinth; as soon as this corps he inflamed Conde's resentment against the duke of Beaufort Conde. soners. Beaufort and the coadjutor, whom he supposed to and dedicated the greatest part of his time to reading; Conde. be the authors of this heinous outrage. The prince the rest to conversation, playing at battle-door and was so strongly prejudiced, that he refused to hear shuttle-cock, to bodily exercises, and the cultivation of them when they appeared before him to justify them- flowers. selves. He demanded justice against them of the king : Mazarin triumphed at the disgrace of the princes, he formally accused them before the parliament, and proscribed all those who were attached to Conde, and remained inflexible in spite of the pains which the behaved in the most insolent and arbitrary manner. leaders of the party took to demonstrate to him that The prince's friends, however, notwithstanding their he bad been imposed upon. However, the affair was being strictly watched, found means to keep up a puncbrought before the parliament; the accused defended tual correspondence with him. They made various atthemselves, and the coadjutor, who had discovered tempts to release bim : they raised troops, in particu , the cardinal's secret, unmasked him so well, that the lar, the dukes of Bouillon and Rochefoucault, and the prince agreed to a private negotiation with the male- viscount de Turenne. The princess of Conde engaged contents; he required nothing more than the coad- the province of Guienne to declare in his favour ; she jutor's leaving Paris, but with the rank of ambassador made war, in order to force the court to release him ; to Rome or Vienna. That prelate would have con- at length the partizans of the prince signed a treaty sented to it, to satisfy Conde, if Mazarin, some days with the Spaniards, to labour in concert for bis enafter, had not given him the choice of any recom- largement. But all those efforts would, perhaps, have pense, in order to engage his concurrence in the been ineffectual, if other more powerful resources bad prince's destruction. Affairs were now in such a dan- not been employed, gerous situation, that the cardinal saw clearly it was In that gallant and warlike age, every thing was necessary to hasten to the winding up of the plot. managed by the passions and intrigues of five or six Master of the queen's mind, which he guided as be women, who possessed the condence of the leaders of pleased; and sure of having inflamed against Conde the state, and of the various parties. The princess of all the resentment of the malecontents; he sought and Mantua, wife to one of the sons of the elector Palar obtained, by means of the duchess Chevreuse, the sup- tine, king of Bohemia, principally directed the coun. port of that powerful faction, which connected itself sels in the party of the princes. She found means to the more readily with bim, in hopes that the prince's reconcile the duke of Orleans, the coadjutor, and the fall would soon enable it to crush without difficulty the malecontents, with the friends of the prince, and united cardinal himself. The coadjutor bad private confer- their efforts against the cardinal. The parliament, on ences with the queen and the minister. Conde bad the other side, loudly demanded the release of the prinotice of it; and in order to discover if it were true, All the orders of the state united in soliciting he endeavoured to surprise it from Mazarin's own it, insomuch that the queen was at last prevailed on to mouth. “Cardinal (said he, one day), it is publicly give her consent. At this news, Mazarin was so conreported that you have nightly meetings with the co- founded, that he fled in the disguise of a trooper, and adjutor, disguised like a trooper.” He accompanied arrived at the gates of Richlieu, where a body of horse this speech with a quick and penetrating look: but waited for bim. The parliament, informed by the the cardinal, who was a perfect master of dissimulation, queen of his flight, thundered forth an arret, by which answered him in such a free, artless-like manner, that he was obliged to leave the kingdom, with his family he entirely removed Conde's apprehension; and he and foreign servants, in the space of 15 days, under slighted the information he had received, of the plot the penalty of being exposed to a criminal prosecuforming against him. tion. The queen desired to follow him with the king; Mazarin wanted nothing but the support of the duke but the nobles and burghers invested the palais-royal, of Orleans ; and at last found means, by the duchess of and prevented the execution of this project, which Chevreuse, to inflame the jealousy of that fickle and would have kindled a civil war. Mazarin, therefore, inconstant prince, and to engage him to consent to the perceiving that it was impossible for the queen to join imprisonment of Conde. Having thus united a!! par- him, determined to go himself to restore the princes to ties, and fearing no other obstacle, this ungrateful and their liberty, and to get the start of the deputies who perfidious minister made preparations for privately ar- were coming to acquaint them with it. On his arrival resting the prince; the order for it was signed January at Havre, he informed the princes that they were free; 18. 1650. 'Conde having that day repaired as usual he entreated Conde's friendship; and was so abject as to the palais-royal , to assist at council with the prince to prostrate himself at the feet of him whom he had so of Conti and the duke of Longueville, the queen gave basely oppressed. Conde gave him a polite reception, . orders to arrest them all three, and to convey them with- aud spoke to him in a free and cheerful tone; but out any noise to the castle of Vincennes. She was in- tired with the mean submissions which the cardinal stantly obeyed, and the princes were strictly guarded lavished upon bim, he left him without making any in that prison. promise, and set out on his return to Paris, which he In this unexpected reverse of fortune, the fortitude entered as it were in triumph, amidst the acclamations and greatness of Conde's mind appeared only the more of all orders of men, and the demonstrations of a most remarkable. Confined with the other two princes in sincere and general joy. the tower of Vincennes, where neither supper, furni- After this a civil war ensued, in which the prince ture, nor beds, were provided, he contented himself of Conde sided with the malecontents. Being pressed with two new laid eggs, and threw himself in his by the king's army, he retired into the suburbs of clothes, on a truss of straw, where he slept 12 hours Si Anthony, where he behaved with the utmost brawithout waking. He still retained his cheerfulness, very; when the citizens opened their gates and re 3 Q2 ceived |