Notes on the Elements of Behavioral ScienceSpringer Science & Business Media, 31 de ago. de 2001 - 346 páginas These notes are intended to help undergraduates who need to understand something of behavior both for its intrinsic interest and for their future careers in medicine, biology, psychology, anthropology, veterinary medicine, and nursing. In Emory University's Biology Department, a single-semester course called Evolutionary Perspectives on Behavior is given to undergraduates. It amounts to four, not eight months of study, so a great deal of compression is essential. There are several excellent textbooks available that deal with behavioral science from different perspectives, but we have found them too compendious for use in a short course when students are so heavily burdened; it is unsatisfactory to direct them to a chapter here and there in several different books or to this or that review article and original paper. In this volume, we have tried effectively and inexpensively to put in one place what we know is needed. The topics we have selected deal with their subjects in a simple, straightforward way without being too superficial. We could not cover everything and the gaps are not entirely idiosyncratic but reflect what students are given very well in other courses. Thus, there is no mention of the physiology of the axon and synapse; learning, memory, cognition, and basic genetics are hardly touched upon because students know about these matters from elsewhere. |
Conteúdo
The Study of Behavior History | 1 |
Comparative Psychology | 4 |
Emergence of Modern Behavioral Research | 5 |
SOME THEORY AND TERMINOLOGY | 6 |
BenefitCost Ratios | 7 |
Game Theory | 8 |
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies | 9 |
K and r Selection | 10 |
Coelenterate Colonies | 152 |
Vertebrates | 154 |
BENEFITS OF SOCIALITY | 155 |
Improved Foraging and Hunting Efficiency | 156 |
Improved Care of Offspring | 157 |
Increased Risk of Mating Interference and Parental Exploitation by Conspecifics | 159 |
Dispersal Hypotheses | 160 |
EVOLUTION OF COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR | 162 |
WARNINGS FALLACIES AND PITFALLS | 11 |
What They Do and Do Not Do | 12 |
Some Ethological Concepts | 15 |
ETHOLOGYS OBJECTIVES | 17 |
FIXED ACTION PATTERNS FAPs | 18 |
Coordination of Several Muscle Groups | 19 |
Genetic Factors | 22 |
Redirection | 24 |
Displacement | 25 |
Intention Movement | 27 |
Compromise | 28 |
VACUUM ACTIVITY | 30 |
Stereotypy | 31 |
Threshold Changes | 32 |
Some More Ethological Concepts | 37 |
Definitions | 38 |
Modifying Influences | 41 |
Supranormal Stimuli | 43 |
PROGRAMMED LEARNING AND IMPRINTING | 44 |
Imprinting | 45 |
DRIVE OR MOTIVATION | 48 |
Illustrative Model for Thirst | 49 |
Drive Models | 51 |
Assessment of Hereditary Influences | 55 |
INDIRECT METHODS | 57 |
Presence in Individuals Raised in Isolation from Conspecifics | 58 |
Studies on Human Twins | 59 |
Artificial Selection | 60 |
Hybridization | 64 |
Behavioral Endocrinology Gonadal Hormones | 67 |
SYNTHESIS AND MAJOR SITES OF PRODUCTION | 69 |
Androgens | 70 |
TRANSPORT | 71 |
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS DURING DEVELOPMENT | 74 |
Behavioral Modifications | 75 |
Sexual Dimorphism in Brain Structures | 77 |
Breeding Seasonality | 78 |
Activational Effects in the Male | 83 |
Behavioral Endocrinology Stress and Adrenal Hormones | 89 |
THE STRESS RESPONSES OF THE BODY | 90 |
THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND SYMPATHETIC AROUSAL | 91 |
CORTICOSTEROID PRODUCTION | 92 |
CORTICOSTEROID METABOLISM | 93 |
HABITUATION TO STRESS | 95 |
FUNCTIONS OF STRESS | 96 |
TWO PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES | 97 |
Biological Rhythms | 99 |
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS 2326 HOURS | 101 |
Studying Circadian Rhythms | 102 |
Location of the Internal Clock | 105 |
Circadian Rhythms in Humans | 108 |
CIRCATIDAL RHYTHMS 124 HOURS | 111 |
MONTHLY RHYTHMS 295 DAYS | 112 |
CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS 365 DAYS | 113 |
Orientation and Navigation | 117 |
Kinesis | 118 |
Navigational Mechanisms | 121 |
The Compass Mechanism | 124 |
Navigational Cues | 125 |
MIGRATION | 128 |
Feeding Foraging and Predation | 131 |
FEEDING BEHAVIOR | 132 |
FORAGING | 134 |
Optimal Foraging | 135 |
Constraints on Optimal Foraging | 138 |
Coping with Changes in Food Supply | 139 |
Diet | 144 |
Some Physiological Aspects of Feeding | 145 |
Somatic Adaptations | 146 |
Predatory Techniques | 148 |
Antipredator Defense Repelling Predators | 149 |
Social Behavior | 151 |
Cooperation Mutualism | 163 |
Altruism Kin Selection | 164 |
MECHANISMS OF KIN RECOGNITION | 165 |
Phenotype Matching | 166 |
Allele Recognition | 167 |
Humans | 168 |
Communication | 171 |
HONESTY AND DECEPTION IN COMMUNICATION | 172 |
COMMUNICATORY SIGNALS | 174 |
SENSORY CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION | 176 |
Visual Communication by Reflected Light | 177 |
Auditory Communication Signal Properties | 180 |
Chemical Communication Olfaction | 188 |
Tactile Communication Signal Properties | 195 |
Electrical Communication | 197 |
Agonistic Behavior | 199 |
INTERSPECIFIC AGONISM | 200 |
Predatory Aggression | 202 |
Antipredatory Agonism | 203 |
Intraspecific Aggression | 204 |
Categories of Intraspecific Aggression | 206 |
Intraspecific Submission and Flight | 215 |
COMPARISONS BETWEEN INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC AGONISM | 216 |
Sexual Selection ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | 221 |
SEX DETERMINATION | 222 |
SEX RATIO SR | 223 |
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 224 |
TriversWillard Hypothesis | 226 |
Competition among Males | 227 |
Competition among Females | 233 |
Evaluation of Male Qualities | 234 |
Mate Choice by Males | 236 |
Courtship and Mating | 237 |
Seasonal Factors | 238 |
Social Stimulation | 239 |
Gender Identification | 240 |
Individual Recognition | 241 |
Signaling Competitive and Parental Abilities | 242 |
External and Internal Fertilization | 243 |
Nonhuman Animals | 244 |
Humans | 245 |
Parental Behavior and Mating Systems | 249 |
MODELS OF THE PARENTOFFSPRING RELATIONSHIP | 250 |
EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE | 252 |
Selection Pressures for Parental Care | 255 |
MATING SYSTEMS | 258 |
Classification of Mating Systems | 259 |
Nonhuman Primates | 265 |
Fixed Action Patterns FAPs | 267 |
Conflict Behaviors | 268 |
Releasers | 269 |
Sensitive Periods Imprinting | 272 |
Social Systems | 273 |
Mating Systems | 277 |
Parental Investment | 278 |
Dispersal and Inbreeding Avoidance | 279 |
Hormonal and Seasonal Influences | 282 |
LANGUAGE IN APES | 286 |
Humans HUMAN ETHOLOGY | 289 |
Fixed Action Patterns FAPs | 290 |
Conflict Behaviors | 291 |
Ritualization | 292 |
Releasers | 294 |
Ethology in Clinical Settings | 298 |
HUMAN SOCIOBIOLOGY | 299 |
Parental Investment | 303 |
Incest Avoidance | 305 |
Hormonal and Seasonal Influences | 308 |
313 | |
323 | |
327 | |
Outras edições - Ver todos
Notes on the Elements of Behavioral Science Doris Zumpe,Richard P. Michael Visualização parcial - 2012 |
Notes on the Elements of Behavioral Science Doris Zumpe,Richard P. Michael Prévia não disponível - 2012 |
Termos e frases comuns
adaptive adrenal adult aggression alleles androgen animals auditory baboons behavior birds bonobos brain breeding cells changes Chapter chicks chimpanzees chromosome circadian rhythms circannual communication conspecifics copulations Copyright dispersal dominance effects eggs elicit environment environmental estradiol estrogen ethology eusociality example feeding fertilization FIGURE fish foraging function genes genetic gland gonadal habitats hormones human hypothalamus imprinting inclusive fitness increase individual infants insects intraspecific involved K-selected learning levels light macaques male and female mammals mate competition mating season mating systems mechanisms menstrual cycles morphological mothers motivation nest neurons nonhuman occurs offspring olfactory orientation ovulation pair patterns period permission pheromones physiological plasma polygyny population predator prey primates produce progesterone prosimians pups rats receptors releaser reproductive success response rhesus monkeys selection pressures sender sexual activity signals social SOURCE species sperm steroids stimulus stress studies territory testosterone tion traits typically variables visual zebra finches
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