WATTS-WAT TYLER'S INSURRECTION. tured on that subject; translated Gmelin's Handbook of Chemistry (9 vols., 1848-55) and A. Wurtz's History of Chemical Theory from the Age of Lavoisier to the Present Time (1869); is editor of the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society and of the standard Dictionary of Chemistry (5 vols., 1863–68), to which two Supplements have since been added (1871 and 1875). Watts (HENRY M.), b. at Carlisle, Pa., Oct. 10, 1805; graduated at Dickinson College; was admitted to the bar at Pittsburg 1827; served as deputy attorney-general, and subsequently as U. S. district-attorney, at Philadelphia; sat some years in the legislature; took an active part in poli ties, and was minister to Austria 1868-69. Watts (ISAAC), D. D., b. at Southampton, England, July 14, 1674, son of a nonconformist schoolmaster, by whom his early education was directed; studied at the Southampton free school and at Rev. Thomas Rowe's dissenting academy in London; became a private tutor at Stoke Newington 1696; was assistant minister 1698 and pastor 1702 of the Mark Lane Independent congregation, London; was forced by ill-health in 1712 to retire from the active work of the ministry, and having gone on a visit to his friend, Sir Thomas Abney, at Theobald's, Newington, was persuaded to remain there indefinitely as a guest, and so continued for thirty-six years until his death, Nov. 25, 1748. He was buried in Bunhill Fields, was of diminutive size and somewhat deformed in person, and was never married. He had a high reputation as a preacher, and was much beloved for his cheerfulness, his wit, and his truly philosophical traits of character. Author of Logic, or the Right Use of Reason in the Inquiry after Truth (1725), The Improvement of the Mind (1741), and many volumes of religious and educational treatises, but is best remembered by his Psalms and Hymns, which have ever since contributed largely to the services of song in nearly all branches of English-speaking Protestant denominations. "He was," says Montgomery, "almost the inventor of hymns in our language." Monuments have been erected to his memory in Abney Park and Westminster Abbey, a statue by Chantrey was dedicated at Southampton 1861, and the foundation of a memorial hall was laid there May 6, 1875. His Complete Works were edited by Drs. Jennings and Doddridge (6 vols., 1754), and biographical sketches have been written by Dr. Johnson, Milner, and Southey. Watts (JOHN), b. in New York City Apr. 5, 1715; was one of the wealthiest land-proprietors of the colony; married Ann, daughter of Stephen De Lancey, July, 1742; was for many years a representative in the assembly and a member of the council 1757-75; was one of the original founders and trustees of the New York Society Library 1754; presented its first clock to the New York Exchange 1760; was the first president of the New York City Hospital 1760; was the most trusted adviser of his brother-inlaw, Gov. James De Lancey, and in 1775 withdrew to England on account of his loyalty to the Crown. D. in Wales in Aug., 1789. His property was confiscated, but a considerable portion was granted to his sons Robert and John July 1, 1784.-His daughter ANN married Capt. Kennedy, who became earl of Cassilis. Watts (Jons), son of the preceding, b. in New York City in 1749; was the last royal recorder of New York City; was three times Speaker of the New York assembly; member of Congress 1793-96; judge of Westchester co. 180209: was the chief founder of the Leake and Watts Orphan House, New York, to which he made a munificent donation. D. in New York Sept. 3, 1836. He married his cousin, Jane De Lancey, and was grandfather of Gens. Philip Kearny and John Watts de Peyster. 445 Nursery and Child's Hospital. D. at Paris, France, Sept. 8, 1867. He edited Harrison's Manual of Anatomy, and contributed largely to medical periodicals. Watts (THOMAS), b. in London, England, in 1811; manifested in childhood a wonderful aptitude for the mastery of languages; was conversant at the age of twenty with Russian, Hungarian, and several Slavonic and Scandinavian tongues; visited the British Museum to prosecute researches in the literatures of those languages; found no books in Russian or Hungarian, and but few in the Scandinavian tongues; drew attention to this deficiency in articles published in the Mechanic's Magazine (1836-37); was appointed in 1837 an assistant in the library of the British Museum; became assistant keeper of the printed books and superintendent of the new reading-room 1857, and was keeper of the printed books from Aug., 1866, to his death, at London Sept. 9, 1869. Under his auspices the Museum collections of Slavonic and Scandinavian literature became the largest outside the several countries where the languages are spoken, and the collections of Americana and of foreign literature generally were raised from insignificance to comparative completeness. Mr. Watts left no great publication as a monument of his surprising abilities, and was best known as the author of contributions to the quarterlies and to the Transactions of learned societies, and of some 150 biographies of Scandinavian, Hungarian, Russian, and Polish celebrities in Knight's Cyclopædia, and of the Sketch of the History of the Welsh Language and Literature (1861) in the same work. Watts (THOMAS HILL), b. in Butler co., Ala., about 1820; was member of the State legislature 1842-45; moved to the city of Montgomery, and was again elected to the legislature 1851-53; was now regarded as among the most prominent of the leaders of the Whig party in his State, and was run as a candidate for the office of Presidential elector on the Bell-Everett ticket in 1860; was strongly opposed to the policy of secession, but when Alabama passed her ordinance withdrawing from the Union, he cast his fortunes with her people; first entered the Confederate military service as colonel of a regiment, but after the battle of Shiloh (Apr., 1862), where he greatly distinguished himself, resigned to take the position of attorneygeneral in Pres. Davis's cabinet. This position he also resigned in 1863, to fill the office of governor of his State, to which he had been elected; was deposed from this office, which he filled with great ability, under the Reconstruction policy of the Federal government. He afterward continued the practice of law in Montgomery. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. Watts (WILLIAM), b. in England in 1753; became an eminent line engraver. D. Dec. 7, 1851. He published The Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, in a Collection of the most Interesting and Picturesque Views (84 plates, 1779-86), A Collection of Colored Views in the Turkish Provinces, with Descriptions in French and English (1801-05), and a fine collection of views of the city of Bath, besides a great number of single leaves. Wat Tyler's Insurrection, a celebrated episode of the reign of Richard II., king of England. During the minority of that monarch the government was in the hands of his ambitious uncles, the dukes of Lancaster and of Cambridge, both married to Spanish princesses, through whom they laid claim to the crown of Castile. The expenses attending their foreign projects and the lingering war with France having exhausted the ordinary revenues, the Parliament assembled at Northampton imposed a poll or capitation tax (Nov. 5, 1380) on each male or female above the age of fifteen years; which was rigorously enforced, and became the occasion of disturbances in several places. At Dartford, in Kent, a laboring-man, one Walter or Wat, known as "the Tiler" from his occupation, struck dead a tax-collector, whom he accused of gross insult to his daughter, early in June, 1381, and calling his neighbors to Watts (JOHN S.), b. in Boone co., Ky., Jan. 19, 1816; graduated at Indiana University; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Indiana; was twice elected a prosecuting attorney; served in the legislature; was appointed by Pres. Fillmore associate justice of New Mexico; subse-shield him from punishment, soon found himself at the quently practised his profession in that Territory; was elected a delegate in Congress 1860; took an active part in raising troops for the Union armies, and was appointed by Pres. Johnson in 1868 chief-justice of the supreme court of New Mexico. Watts (ROBERT), M. D., b. at Fordham, N. Y., in 1812; graduated at Columbia College 1831, and in medicine at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons 1835; was appointed, while still an undergraduate, lecturer on anatomy at the Vermont Medical College; became in 1838 professor of anatomy there, and also in the medical college at Pittsfield, Mass.; occupied the chair of anatomy in the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons from 1839 until his death; was one of the founders of the New York | Pathological Society, and for several years its presiding officer, and was from 1859 an attending physician of the head of a considerable multitude; and the excitement spreading over the nine south-eastern counties, a march against London was determined on for the redress of grievances. A vast mob, usually said to have numbered 100,000, reached Blackheath, near London, June 12, 1381, took possession of the southern portion of London, burned the duke of Lancaster's palace (June 13), plundered a portion of the city, seized the Tower, put to death the lord treasurer, Sir Robert Hales, and the archbishop of Canterbury (June 14), destroyed the Savoy Palace, the archbishop's palace, and the priory of St. John's, Clerkenwell, and advanced to Smithfield (June 15), where they were met by some of the authorities, with the young king at their head. In the parley which ensued the arrogance of Wat was so great that Sir William Walworth, the lord mayor of London, rushed upon him, and killed him on the spot. Rich ard displayed much presence of mind in a situation of great danger; he declared to the excited mob that he would be their leader himself, and actually conducted them out of the city to the field of Islington. On the following day they were attacked by Sir William Knollys, dispersed, and their leaders mercilessly punished. Over 1500 were exe cuted. Waugh (ALEXANDER), D. D., b. at East Gordon, Berwickshire, Scotland, in 1754; received a good education; was an influential minister of the Scotch Secession Church, officiating at its principal London church in Wells street from 1782 until his death, Dec. 14, 1827. A Memoir, with Selections from his Epistolary Correspondence, Pulpit Recollections, etc. (1830), was published by Rev. James Hay and Rev. Henry Belfrage, D. D. from Mississippi River, in the centre of a rich farming dis- Waupaca, city, cap. of Waupaca co., Wis. (see map Waupun, city, Fond du Lac co., Wis. (see map of Wisconsin, ref. 6-E, for location of county), 68 miles N. W. of Milwaukee, on Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R., has carriage-factories, pump and windmill works, etc. It is surrounded by a fine farming country, and is partly in Dodge co. P. in 1870, 1935; in 1880, 2353; in 1885, 2012. Wau'sau, city and R. R. centre, cap. of Marathon co., Wis. (see map of Wisconsin, ref. 4-D, for location of county), on Wisconsin Valley R. R. and on Wisconsin River, has fine school-house, 2 public halls, wooden-ware factories, Principal business, lumbering and farming. P. in 1870, 1349; in 1880, 4277; in 1885, 8810. Waugh (Sir ANDREW SCOTT), b. in 1810, entered the corps of Bengal engineers in 1827, and joined the great trigonometrical survey of India in 1832, conducting the Rangheer series of observations and the great-are series to the head of the Amna series through the Terai country. In 1843 he was appointed surveyor-general of India and superintendent of the trigonometrical survey, undertaking and completing the triangulation of the region between the great-are series and Calcutta, a gridiron of triangula-machine-shops, several large saw-mills, etc. tions W. of the great-arc series, and comprising a country remarkably difficult for surveying on account of its mountainous character, and a series of levelling operations to determine the heights of the base-lines of the interior. His writings are almost wholly connected with the survey, consisting of reports and survey observations, but a large proportion of them have not been published. In 1861 he was knighted. Waugh (EDWIN), b. at Rochdale, Lancashire, England, Jan. 29, 1817; educated at the commercial academy of that place; was apprenticed to a bookseller and printer; worked at his trade as a journeyman nearly ten years; was then appointed secretary to the Lancashire public school association for the promotion of a national plan of secular education; filled that post five years, and has since devoted himself entirely to literature, having by his cultivation of the dialect of his native county won the designation of "the Lancashire poet." Author of Sketches of Lancashire Life and Localities (1855; 4th ed. 1869), Poems and Lancashire Songs (1859; new ed. 1870), Rambles in the Lake Country and its Borders (1862), Tufts of Heather from the Lancashire Moors (1864), Home Life of the Lancashire Factory-Folk (1866), and other works: Th' Owd Blanket, The Birthplace of Tim Robbin in the Parish of Flexton, Irish Sketches, Rambles in the Lake Country, Snowed Up, and other Tales, Sancho's Wallet, a series of Northern anecdotes, The Chimney Corner, a series of country tales, Roads out of Manchester, and The Limping Pilgrim. In 1882 he received a pension of £90 from the civil list. selection from his poems appeared under the title Poesies frome a Country Garden (2 vols., 1865). A Waukegan, city, cap. of Lake co., Ill. (see map of Illinois, ref. 1-G, for location of county), on Chicago and North-western R. R., 35 miles N. of Chicago, on a bluff 80 feet above and overlooking Lake Michigan, with a wide beach separating the town from the lake. Waukegan is the location of valuable mineral springs: among the most celebrated are the Glen Flora, the Magnesia, and the McAllister group. The natural beauty of its location, its springs, its salubrity, its nearness to Chicago, and convenient railroad facilities have made it a favorite place of residence for many Chicago business-men and a pleasure resort for many families. The lumber, brick, tanning, flour, and fishing interests are considerable. The town contains a commercial college, St. Albertus Academy, society libraries, a public park, waterworks supplied from an artesian well, and a volunteer fire department. Its principal manufacturing establishments are a pump-factory, scaleworks, agricultural works, a woollen-factory, machine-shops, a wood-working establishment, sash and blind factory, brewery, carriage-factories, and a table-factory. Waukegan was settled in 1838. P. in 1870., 4507; in 1880, 4012. PARTRIDGE BROS, PUBS. "GAZETTE." Waukesha, cap. of Waukesha co., Wis. (see map of Wisconsin, ref. 7-F, for location of county), on Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R., 20 miles W. of Milwaukee, is the principal watering-place in Wisconsin, and is noted for the efficacy of its springs for kidney and liver complaints. Waukesha contains the Wisconsin State industrial school for boys, also Carroll College, an iron-foundry, woollen manufactory, extensive lime and building-stone quarries, flouring-mills, brewery, and a boot and shoe manufactory. P. in 1870, 2633; in 1880, 2969; in 1885, H. M. YOUMANS, ED. “GAZETTE." 4125. Wau'kon, on R. R., cap. of Allamakee co., Ia. (see map of Iowa, ref. 2-J, for location of county), 18 miles Wau'seon, on R. R., and cap. of Fulton co., 0. (see map of Ohio, ref. 1-D, for location of county). P. in 1870, 1474; in 1880, 1905. Wauters (ALPHONSE GUILLAUME GHISLAIN), b. at Brussels Apr. 13, 1817, is keeper of the archives of that city, and known as the author of several valuable historical works: Histoire de la Ville de Bruxelles (3 vols., 1843), De l'Origine et des premiers Developpements des Libertés communales (1869), La Belgique ancienne et moderne (1876), etc. Wauters (CHARLES AUGUSTIN), b. at Boom, Belgium, in 1811, studied painting in the academies of Mechlin and Antwerp, and became a pupil of Van Brée. He attracted much attention by his Columbus departing for the New World, exhibited at Antwerp in 1834, and has since painted a number of historical pictures, such as The Death of Mary of Brabant, Peter the Hermit preaching the Crusade, The Passage of the Red Sea, etc.; some genre pictures, such as The Day after the Ball, The Bathers, etc.; and many portraits. He was for some years director of the academy in Mechlin. Wauto'ma, cap. of Waushara co., Wis. (see map of Wisconsin, ref. 5-D, for location of county), 22 miles from Berlin, has wagon-shops, flouring-mill, etc. P. in 1885, 314. Wave. See WAVES, by J. P. FRIZELL, C. E. Wave'land, Montgomery co., Ind. (see map of Indiana, ref. 6-D, for location of county), on Logansport division Vandalia Line R. R., 37 miles N. E. of Terre Haute, has a college and a graded school. Principal business, farming and stock-raising. P. in 1880, 592. Wave-Lengths. In the undulatory theory, light is supposed to be propagated in space by means of waves. A particular ray of light may be considered as perfectly defined when its state of polarization, its wave-length, and its intensity are known. The simplest ease is that of a ray consisting of a succession of plane waves-that is, of waves in which the vibrations of the particles of the ether take place in the same plane. Such a ray is said to be planepolarized, and in such a ray the length of a wave is defined to be the distance measured along the axis of the ray be tween two nearest successive particles which at any given instant are in the same states of displacement and motion. Thus, in Fig. 1, A B represents the axis of a ray—that is to say, the direction in space in which the light moves. The plane of the paper is the plane of vibration. Particles a and b are in the same states of displacement with reference to the axis A B, since both are on the axis. They are also in the same states of motion, since b is just beginning to execute its nth vibration when a has completed its (n + 1 th vibration, and the two are moving in the same direction: a b1, b1 c1, a2b2, beg are in like manner, by definition, wave-lengths. Our definition also applies to the cases of elliptically and circularly polarized rays. In these the particles of the ether revolve in ellipses or in circles, the planes of which are at right angles to the axis of the ray. It is easy to see that a ray might pass from one state of polarization to another without changing the lengths of its component waves. The intensity of the light at any point curate measurements are those of Fraunhofer. More redepends upon the extent of the vibrations of each partiele of the ether at that point. This extent is termed the amplitude of the vibration, and the intensity corresponding to a given wave is proportional to the square a FIG. 2. of the amplitude of the vibrations. Thus, in Fig. 2 we have with the same wave-length several different degrees of intensity. From the above it appears that the wave-length is the only invariable characteristic of a ray of light, since it is not affected by changes in the intensity or in the state of polarization. It has become usual to denote the wavelength by the letter A, and to express it in decimals of a millimètre, the millionth of a millimètre forming a convenient unit. When a ray of light passes from an optically less to an optically more dense medium, the wave-lengths of the component elementary rays are shortened. If the elementary rays differ in wave-length, the waves will be shortened in precisely the same ratio. In like manner, the waves are lengthened in the same ratio when the rays pass from a more to a less dense medium. Hence, it is necessary to define optically the medium in which the light is moving, and for this purpose it is theoretically best to give the wave-length when referred to motion in vacuo. But in practice the wave-length in air is usually given as more convenient, small changes in the pressure and temperature of the air having an insensible influence in changing the lengths of the waves. (For the method of determining wave-lengths experimentally we must refer to the article UNDULATORY THEORY OF LIGHT.) The earliest ac cently, elaborate measurements have been made by Ditscheiner, Van der Willigen, Mascart, and Ångström. The results of the last-named observer are the most numerous and most entitled to confidence. When the wave-lengths of a sufficient number of standard spectral lines have been determined with precision, those of intermediate lines may be determined by interpolation. Thalen has employed for this purpose the method of comparison first given by the writer of this article, and has in this manner very greatly extended the results of Ångström. Normal maps of the spectrum are those in which each characteristic ray is laid down upon a scale according to its wave-length. The first extended map of this kind was given by the writer in 1867. It contained 108 spectral lines, and was based partly upon the measurements of Ditscheiner and partly on the older measurements of Ångström. The splendid map of Angström appeared in 1869. It contains about 800 lines, and is the now universally-recognized standard. The most accurate information which we possess at present in regard to the wave-lengths of the spectral lines of the elements is contained in the following tables. Table I. contains the results of Ångström's direct and absolute measures, but the unit is taken as the millionth instead of the ten-millionth of a millimètre, and only two decimals are given. In addition, the writer has completed, as far as possible, the comparison with Kirchhoff's well-known chart by filling up the numbers in Column 1, left very incomplete by Ångström. Column K. contains, therefore, the number of the spectral line upon Kirchhoff's chart; Column a the corresponding wave-length; Column S. the symbol of the element of which the line is characteristic; and Column R. remarks as to the character of the lines. Telluric lines are represented by the symbol Aq. The wave-lengths of the ultra-violet rays have been deTABLE I. TABLE II.-Wave-Lengths of the Metallic Lines according to Thalen. In these tables the first column, headed "Color," gives the colored space in which the line is found. Column A gives the wavelengths in millionths of a millimètre. Column I. gives the intensity of the line upon a scale of 5, the number 1 indicating the greatest intensity. Under column R. the character of the ray is given, b signifying a broad line: bb, a very broad line; n, a nebu fous line; bu, a line which is broad and nebulous, etc. The limits of the colors are those assigned by Listing. The following metals were examined in the metallic state: K, Na, Mg, Al, G, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Tl, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au, Sn, Pt, Pd, Os, Sb, As, Te, In. The other metals were examined, for the most part, in the form of chlorides. Column K. gives the corresponding number of the line on Kirchhoff's scale, as determined by the writer of this article. |