WARTBURG-WARWICK.

1300, edited by Ettmüller in 1830, and translated into modern German by Simrock in 1858. Here lived Elizabeth of Hungary (1207-31), the wife of Landgrave Louis II., and afterward one of the most renowned saints of the Roman Catholic Church; and here Luther was kept concealed May 4,1521-Mar. 6, 1522, finishing his translation of the Bible. On Oct. 18, 1817, delegates from all the Protestant universities of Germany assembled here to celebrate the third centenary year of the Reformation and the recent liberation of the country from the French yoke. In the excitement of the moment the enthusiasm for liberty and Fatherland ran a little high. Some books which were considered illiberal and unpatriotic were burnt, and some plans were proposed for the reformation and elevation of the students' life at the universities, more especially for the abolition of the old traditionary barriers which separated the students of various German countries from each other. The whole affair was noble and harmless, in spite of some exaggerations, but the German princes, alarmed by this attempt to revolutionize and republicanize Germany, made it the cause of numerous odious persecutions and chicaneries.

Wartburg, cap. of Morgan co., Tenn. (see map of Tennessee, ref. 6-H, for location of county). P. in 1880, 159. Wart-Hog. See PHACOCHERIDE, by THEODORE GILL,

PH. D.

387

or irritation, the diet is corrected, and alteratives are given, they may slowly disappear. The common treatment is to snip them off and touch the base with nitric acid, glacial. acetic acid, or lunar caustic; saturation with tincture of thujar or thuya (arbor vitæ) daily has the effect to speedily remove them in many cases.

E. DARWIN HUDSON, JR. REVISED BY WILLARD Parker. Warville, de (BRISSOT). See BRISSOT DE WARVILLE. of England, bounded on the W. by Worcestershire, on the War'wick, or Warwickshire, county in the centre N. by Staffordshire and Leicestershire, and on the S. by Oxfordshire, watered by the Avon and the Tame in the N., comprises an area of 881 sq. m., with 737,339 inhabitants. The surface is elevated; in the northern part, which once was covered with the Forest of Arden, moor, heath, and forest alternate, and the soil is often heavy and cold; in the southern part the soil is very fertile. Agriculture and dairy-farming are in an advanced state. Coal, chalk, lime, and marl are found; manufactures are extensive.

ing and the collections (which are open to the public) suffered considerably; but a subscription was immediately opened, and the restoration of the castle began the next year. P. 11,802.

Warwick, town of England, capital of Warwickshire, on the Avon, an old and interesting place, contains several fine buildings, among which the most remarkable is the castle, many benevolent institutions, and some manufactures, though on a small scale. The castle is, indeed, one of the finest buildings of the kind in England. The oldest, War'ton (JOSEPH), D. D., brother of Thomas, b. at Dunsford, Surrey, England, in 1722, son of Thomas War- date; the next highest (128 feet) dates from the latter part and also the highest, of its towers (147 feet), is of uncertain ton, D. D. (d. 1746), vicar of Basingstoke, Hampshire, and of the fourteenth century. of Cobham, Surrey, and professor of poetry at Oxford tectural interest, the castle contains large collections of Besides having great archi1718-28; educated at Winchester School; graduated at Oriel College, Oxford, 1744; took orders in the Church of paintings, arms, and other objects of artistic and archæEngland; was curate to his father at Basingstoke 1744-46;ological value. By the fire of Dec. 3, 1871, both the buildcurate at Chelsea 1746-48; became rector of Winslade, Hampshire, 1748; travelled on the Continent with his patron, the duke of Bolton, 1751; obtained the rectory of Tunworth 1754, that of Wickham 1782, and of Upham 1788; was second master of Winchester School 1755-66, and headmaster 1766-93; became chaplain to Sir George (afterward Lord) Lyttleton 1756, prebendary of St. Paul's, London, 1782, and of Winchester 1788. D. at Wickham, in Hampshire, Feb. 23, 1800. He published Odes on Various Subjects (1746), a poetical translation of the Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil (1753), an Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope (2 vols., 1756-82); contributed 24 critical papers to The Adventurer (1753-56), and edited the works of Pope (9 vols., 1797) and Dryden, the latter completed after his death (4 vols., 1811). He was engaged upon and announced for publication (1784) a history of Greek, Roman, Italian, and French poetry, but it never appeared. A volume of Biographical Memoirs (1806) was published by Rev. John Wooll.

Warwick, Orange co., N. Y. (see map of New York, ref. 7-J, for location of county), on Lehigh and Hudson River R. R., has Seward and Warwick institutes, a public library, waterworks, an efficient fire department, butter and cheese manufactories, and rich mines of iron ore and other minerals. P. in 1870, 938; in 1880, 1043.

Warwick (GUY), EARL OF, a legendary Saxon hero who figures largely in early English metrical romances as a champion against the Danes, and especially noted for his victory over the giant Colbrand. The romance of Sir Guy is mentioned in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and alluded to in Shakspeare's King John and Henry VIII. He is usually assigned to the period of King Athelstan. In his Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances, Ellis suggests that the legendary Guy is identical with Egil, an Icelandic warrior in Athelstan's army, who contributed much to his victory over the Danes at Brunanburg; and Dugdale even goes so far as to fix the date of his combat with the Danish giant Colbrand in the year 926. The Booke of the most victoryous Prince Guy of Warwick, a metrical romance of the earlier half of the fourteenth century, was printed before 1567, and a prose French romance on the same subject, printed in 1525, was edited by J. Zupitza for the Early English Text Society 1875-76.

Warwick (HENRY DE Beauchamp), DUKE OF, and king of the Isle of Wight, son of Richard, b. at Hanley Castle, Warwickshire, England, Mar. 22, 1424; succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father 1439; distinguished himself in the defence of Normandy 1442-44; was created duke of Warwick, to rank next the duke of Norfolk and before the duke of Buckingham-a provision which led to a controversy with the latter nobleman, which was settled by act of Parliament to the effect that the claimants should take precedence in alternate years; and received from Henry VI., who had been his companion in childhood, many honors, the most extraordinary being that he was crowned by that monarch as vassal king of the Isle of Wight early in 1445, which, however, did not mean much more than an empty ceremony. He survived his advancement but a few months, dying without issue June 11, 1445.

Warton (THOMAS), F. S. A., b. at Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, in 1728; graduated at Trinity College, Oxford, about 1747; became a fellow there 1751; took orders in the Church of England 1755; was professor of poetry in the university 1757-67; became Camden professor of ancient history and poet-laureate 1785; and obtained the livings of Kiddington 1771 and Hill Farrance 1782. D. at Oxford May 21, 1790, having resided for forty years in Trinity College. Author of Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser (1754), The Life of Sir Thomas Pope (1772), and of a valuable History of English Poetry (3 vols., 1774-81), intended to extend to the beginning of the eighteenth century, but never continued beyond the Elizabethan age. Revised editions were issued in 1824, 1840, and 1870. Warton edited the Greek Anthology (1766), the works of Theocritus (Oxford, 2 vols., 1770), and the Minor Poems of Milton (1785; 2d ed. 1791), and published several occasional poems, of which a collection appeared in 1777. His Poetical Works (1802) were edited, with a sketch of his life, by Richard Mant, D. D., bishop of Down. They have also been included in Chalmers's British Poets (1810). Warts, or Verrucæ [Lat. verruca, a "wart"], are developed by hypertrophy, abnormal growth, of the papillæ of the skin. They may be round and ovoid or conical, thread-like, or broad and flat. The so-called "seeds points of a dry wart correspond to the number of papillæ Warwick (RICHARD DE Beauchamp), TWELFTH which have become elongated and thickened. Each papilla EARL OF, b. at Salwarpe, Worcestershire, Jan. 28, 1381, of the skin has an independent supply of blood by a little son of Thomas, who was condemned as a traitor in the loop of capillary blood-vessels at its base. Hence, mere reign of Richard II., but not executed; was made a knight removal of the wart is followed by its renewal from the of the Bath at the coronation of Henry IV. (1399); sucwell nourished base and remaining cells which have trans- ceeded to the earldom 1401; fought against Owen Glenmitted the tendency to excessive growth. Cases are often dower 1401-02, and against the Percies 1403, taking part cited of warts communicated by the blood from other warts, in the famous battle of Shrewsbury; made a pilgrimage but the best authorities deny them. Warts occur chiefly in to the Holy Sepulchre 1408; visited several European courts, children between the second and fourteenth year; their where he distinguished himself at tournaments: was lord cause is uncertain. Their duration is indefinite; they high steward at the coronation of Henry V. (1413), and in sometimes disappear suddenly, probably by contraction of the same year commissioner to negotiate peace with France; the vascular papillary base and casting off of the super-headed an embassy to the Council of Constance 1414: was abundant dry cells. When they are kept free from handling an energetic opponent of the Lollards or followers of Wye

or

liffe became in 1415 captain of Calais, where he entertained | riage of Prince Edward of Lancaster to his daughter Anna the emperor Sigismund with such grace as to receive from him authority to bear the title "father of courtesy;" aided in the siege and capture of Caen 1417; was ambassador to the duke of Burgundy 1418; was created about that period earl of Aumerle (otherwise Albemarle); attended Henry V. on his deathbed (1422); was regent of France 1425-28: directed for nine years the education of the young king, Henry VI., gaining the title "the good earl," and was again regent or lieutenant-general of France and Normandy from 1437 to his death at Rouen Apr. 30, 1439. He was buried and has a magnificent tomb in the church of St. Mary, Warwick. He was possessed of immense landed estates, was father of Anne, the wife of Richard Neville, subsequently earl of Warwick, and known as the "king-maker," and was author of some courtly verses preserved in MSS. in the British Museum.

(August), and the recognition of his son-in-law Clarence as heir-presumptive to the latter. By this double marriage the crown seemed now assured to the descendants of Warwick, who, aided by Louis XI., landed with a body of exiles at Plymouth and Dartmouth Sept. 13, 1470, successfully marched upon London, restored Henry VI., and was reinstated in all his offices, with the addition of that of lord high admiral. The Lancastrian restoration, however, had lasted barely six months before Edward IV., who had escaped to Holland, obtained the aid of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; landed at Ravenspur, near Hull, with 2000 men, English, Dutch, and Flemings, and Warwick, along with his brother Montacute (then earl of Northumberland), betrayed by his son-in-law Clarence, was defeated and killed at the battle of Barnet, Apr. 14. 1471. They were buried at Bisham Abbey, Berkshire. The capture of Queen Margaret and murder of Prince Edward at Tewksbury, May 4, and the murder of King Henry in the Tower in June, terminated the war of the Roses, in which all the members of the house of Neville for two generations perished by the sword, except George, archbishop of York, who d. June 8, 1476. Anne Neville, widow of Prince Edward of Lancaster, married in 1472 Richard, duke of Gloucester, afterward Richard III.; was crowned queen July 6, 1483; lost her only son Apr. 9, 1484, and d. Mar. 16, 1485. The widow of Warwick survived him many years, experiencing great vicissitudes, and was living reduced to poverty in PORTER C. BLISS.

1490.

Warwick (ROBERT Rich), EARL OF, a descendant of Lord Chancellor Rich, b. in England about 1590; succeeded to the earldom 1618; became a prominent leader of the Puritan party; took an active part in promoting the colonization of New England, especially of Rhode Island; was an intimate friend and protector of Thomas Hooker, the celebrated founder of Connecticut, and of other Puritan clergymen, whom he protected during the ecclesiastical prosecutions of the reign of Charles I.; adhered to the cause of Parliament during the great rebellion; became lieutenant of the fleet under the earl of Northumberland 1642, and was a prominent supporter of Cromwell as Protector, and was appointed to bear the sword of state in the latter's presence 1857. D. in 1658.

Warwick Court-house, cap. of Warwick co., Va. (see map of Virginia, ref. 7-I, for location of county). P. not in census of 1880.

Wasatch (or Wahsatch) Monntains. See UTAH. Waseca, city and R. R. junction, cap. of Waseca co., Minn. (see map of Minnesota, ref. 11-E, for location of county). P. in 1870, 551; in 1880, 1708; in 1885, 2513.

Washburn, cap. of McLean co., Dak. (see map of Dakota, ref. 2-D, for location of county), on Missouri River.

P. not in census of 1880.

Warwick (RICHARD Neville), EARL OF, known as "the king-maker," b. in England about 1420 (or 1428), was the eldest son of Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury, and Alice, daughter and heiress of Thomas de Montacute, the previous earl of Salisbury; was first cousin of the earl of March, afterward Edward IV., through the marriage of his father's sister, Lady Cecily Neville, to Richard Plantagenet, duke of York; distinguished himself in an incursion across the Scottish Marches 1448; married Anne Neville, daughter and ultimate heiress of Richard de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, which title was now conferred upon him 1449; became by this connection the most wealthy and powerful nobleman of the kingdom; fought along with his father in the" war of the Roses," which grew out of the claims of the duke of York to the throne; bore a leading part in the first battle, that of St. Alban's, May 22, 1455, which he decided in favor of the Yorkists by a daring charge into the town; was rewarded with the post of captain of Calais, then the most important in the gift of the king, and also received the command of the fleet for five years; fought in May, 1458, a successful naval battle with a Lubeck fleet of twenty-eight vessels, of which he captured six; joined his father at Ludlow Castle on the renewal of the civil war 1459; escaped to Calais with his cousin, the earl of March, on the dispersion of the Yorkists, Oct., 1459; was deprived of his naval command, but retained Calais by force of arms; fitted out there an expedition of 1500 men, with whom he landed in Kent June, 1160; marched upon and entered London, which opened its gates without a battle; augmented his troops to 40,000 men; defeated the queen's army near Northampton July 10, capturing the imbecile king, Henry VI., after which the duke of York laid formal claim and was recognized as heir to the throne Nov. 1. At the disastrous battle of Wakefield, however, Dec. 30, the pretender was killed, and the earl of Salisbury (Warwick's father) and twelve other Yorkist nobles were captured and beheaded at Pontefract (Jan. 1, 1461). Warwick suffered another defeat at Bernard's Heath, near St. Alban's, Feb. 17, but rallied his forces, effected a junction with the young duke of York, and marched upon London, where they were received with acclamations, and the duke was proclaimed king Mar. 4 under the title of Edward IV. Warwick next defeated the Lancastrians at the desperate battle of Towton (or Ferrybridge), near the city of York, Mar. 29, 1461, and again, three years later, at Hexham, May 15, 1464; captured the deposed king, Henry VI., 1465, and led him as a public spectacle through Cheapside, London, to the Tower June, 1465; was appointed to the offices of high admiral, warden of the West Marches, lord-chamberlain, lord lieutenant of Ireland, and governor of Dover and Calais, together with large grants of forfeited estates, his brother George being made archbishop of York and lord high chancellor, and his brother, Lord Montacute, warden of the East Marches of Scotland and earl of Northum-corps, and captured Fort Esperanza, a strong casemated berland. He had now a revenue from his offices alone of 80,000 crowns a year, and displayed a regal magnificence, keeping open house wherever he went and maintaining many thousands of servants or dependents. He was employed on missions to France, Burgundy, and Brittany, and took such deep offence at the king's marriage with Eliza beth Woodville (1464), while he was engaged in negotiating for him the hand of a French princess, that he began to be disaffected; gave his daughter in marriage to Edward's brother, George, duke of Clarence, without the royal permission, 1469, and, taking advantage of an insurrection against certain taxes in Yorkshire, placed himself, with Clarence, at the head of the rebellion; defeated the royal forces at Edgecote July 26, 1469, capturing the king and putting to death the queen's father and brother; had a brief reconciliation with the king; was again in arms against him in the following year (1470); was forced to flee to France: made at Amboise (July 15, 1470) a treaty with Queen Margaret for the restoration of Henry VI., the mar

Washburn (CADWALLADER COLDEN), LL.D., son of Israel Washburn, Sr., b. in Livermore, Me., Apr. 26, 1818; settled at Mineral Point, Wis., in 1841, as a lawyer, and had a large practice as counsel for the early settlers in securing their homes. In 1854 he was elected to Congress, and was re-elected for the two following terms, thus serving through the 34th, 35th, and 36th Congresses. He declined another election, but at the breaking out of the civil war volunteered, and entered the service as colonel of the 2d Wisconsin Cavalry in 1861; was commissioned brigadiergeneral by Pres. Lincoln in June, 1862, and was engaged in the Arkansas campaign during that year; was commissioned major-general in Nov., 1862; was engaged in the siege of Vicksburg, and at its close was ordered to the department of the Gulf in command of the 13th corps; was ordered to Texas in Nov., 1863, with a portion of the 13th fortification at Pass Cavallo, guarding the entrance to Matagorda Bay; in Apr., 1864, relieved Gen. S. A. Hurlbut in command at Memphis of the district of West Tennessee. This command he held with a short interruption till the close of the war; resigned his commission as major-general June 1, 1865. In 1867 he was again elected to Cong, and reelected in 1869; in Nov., 1871, was elected gov. of Wisconsin for two years. He resided at Madison, Wis., and was largely engaged in manufacture of lumber at La Crosse, Wis., and of flour at Minneapolis, Minn. D. May 14, 1882.

Washburn (CHARLES AMES), son of Israel Washburn, Sr., b. at Livermore, Me., Mar. 16, 1822; graduated at Bowdoin College 1848; went to California in the spring of 1850; early connected himself with the press of San Francisco, first as editor, and afterward as editor and proprietor, of the Alta California; took an active part in the organization of the Republican party there, and his was the first newspaper on the Pacific coast to advocate the distinctive principles of that party; from 1858 to 1×61 was

WASHBURN-WASHING OF FEET.

editor and proprietor of the San Francisco Daily Times;
was chosen an elector at large 1860, and the next year was
appointed by Pres. Lincoln minister to Paraguay, where
he remained for seven years, and during most of the time
of the war between that country and Brazil and its allies.
His History of Paraguay, with Notes of Personal Observa-
tions and Reminiscences of Diplomacy under Difficulties
(Boston, 2 vols., 1871), gives a startling account of a strange
people who were almost exterminated under the rule of the
younger Lopez. (See LOPEZ, FRANCISCO SOLANO.) His exer-
tions to save the lives of his friends and diplomatic asso-
ciates from the tyrant's indiscriminate rage involved him
in the utmost personal danger, and in an accusation of
complicity with the pretended "conspiracy" which gave
occasion to the massacre of nearly all the Paraguayan and
foreign residents above the humblest social position. The
circumstances of the violence done to members of his lega-
tion (Sept., 1868), and their rescue from impending death
through his efforts in compelling the intervention of an
American squadron (Dec., 1868), are graphically related in
his volumes. He is also the author of several novels, and
is the inventor of the "typograph" and several other in-
genious machines.
PORTER C. BLISS.

389

in 1863 appointed collector of customs for the port of Portland. He was president of the trustees of Tufts College, Mass., and was elected president of the college in 1875, a position he declined to accept. D. May 12, 1883.

Washburn (PETER THACHER), b. at Lynn. Mass., Sept. 7, 1814; graduate of Dartmouth College, 1835; reporter of the supreme court of Vermont; author of Vermont Digest and other legal publications; colonel of Vermont militia; represented Woodstock in the State legislature in 1854 and afterward, and was chairman of judiciary committee; chairman of Vermont delegation to the Chicago Convention of 1860; lieutenant-colonel, and afterward acting colonel, of the 1st Vermont Vols. ; commanded the Vermont and Massachusetts troops at the battle of Big Bethel; adjutant and inspector-general of Vermont; elected governor of Vermont, and died while in office, Feb. 7, 1870.

Washburn (SAMUEL BENJAMIN), son of Israel Washburn, Sr., b. at Livermore, Me., Jan. 1, 1824; was a shipmaster in the merchant marine, and was afterward in the lumber-trade in Wisconsin; volunteered for the naval service for the war, and was highly complimented for gallantry and skill by Admiral Rodgers after the battle of Fort Darling. He subsequently commanded a squadron in Berwick Bay, and took part in many engagements.

district in 1862, and had the unusual, if not unprecedented, honor of being elected by a unanimous vote; was re-elected to 39th, 40th, 41st, and 42d Congresses; in 1871 was elected governor of Massachusetts: resigned his seat in the 42d Congress Jan. 1, 1871, to be inaugurated as governor; was re-elected governor in 1872, which office he resigned Apr., 1874, having been elected U. S. Senator to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Charles Sumner. His term as Senator expired Mar. 3, 1875. He is one of the trustees of Yale College and of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; also a trustee of Smith College, Northampton, Mass.

Washburn (EDWARD ABIEL), D. D., b. at Boston, Mass., Apr. 16, 1819; graduated at Harvard 1838; studied divinity Washburn (WILLIAM BURRITT), LL.D., b. at Winat Andover and New Haven; was rector of St. Paul's (Epis- chendon, Mass., Jan. 31, 1820; graduated at Yale College copal) church, Newburyport, Mass., 1844-51; from 1851-53, 1844; engaged in manufacturing in Greenfield, Mass., after residing six months in China, travelled leisurely where he has since resided; was also engaged in banking, homeward through Asia, Egypt, and Europe; was rector and in 1859 was chosen president of the Bank of Greenfield; of St. John's, Hartford, Conn., 1853-62, and at the same was elected to the Massachusetts State senate 1850, and a time professor of church polity in the Berkeley Divinity member of the house of representatives 1851. He was School, Middletown; was rector of St. Mark's, Philadel-nominated as the Republican candidate for Congress for his phia, 1862-65, when he succeeded Bishop Coxe as rector of Calvary church, New York, which position he held till his death. Besides numerous sermons and review articles, he published The Social Law of God (1874), Epochs of Church History (posthumously ed. by Dr. Tiffany, 1883). D. at New York City Feb. 2, 1881. R. D. HITCHCOCK. Washburn (EMORY), LL.D., b. at Leicester, Mass., Feb. 14, 1800; entered Williams College at the age of thirteen; graduated in 1817; after a course of three years' study at the Harvard Law School was admitted to the bar, and at the age of twenty-one commenced practice at Charlemont, Mass.; afterward removed to his native town of Leicester, and in 1828 settled in Worcester. In 1825 and 1826 he represented Leicester in Mass. general court, and Worcester in 1838. In 1841 and 1842 was a member of the State senate for Worcester co. He was also nominated for Congress at a time when his party, the Whig, had several thousand majority, but declined the nomination; in 1844 was appointed a judge of the court of common pleas, which office he resigned in 1847. During his absence in Europe in 1852 he was nominated and elected governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected the ensuing year. The following year the Know-Nothing crusade swept over the State, after which the Whig party never rallied, and the record shows him as the last Whig governor of Massachusetts. He removed to Cambridge in 1856, having been appointed professor of law in the Harvard Law School, which position he held for twenty years, resigning Sept. 1, 1876. His Lectures on the Study and Practice of the Law, his work on Easements and Servitades, and the inore elaborate work in 3 vols. on The Law of Real Property, all of which have passed through several editions, are regarded as the highest standard authorities in both the law schools and the courts throughout the country. He also published a Judicial History of Massachusetts, a work of 400 pp., and a History of Leicester, of 464 pp. The comprehensive article in this work on HOMESTEAD LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES was written by him. D. at Cambridge, Mass., Mar. 17, 1877.

Washburn (ISRAEL, SR.), b. in Raynham, Mass., Nov. 18, 1784; moved in 1806 to Maine, and in 1808, in company with Barzillai White, established himself at a point on the Kennebec River then called White's Landing, now Richmond, where he engaged in shipbuilding. In 1809 he established a trading-post at Livermore, Me., at what is now called The Norlands, and soon after moved there, where he settled and had a large family of children, some of whom have held high positions under the national government and by election of the people of their respective States. D. at Livermore Sept. 1, 1876.

Washburn (ISRAEL, JR.), LL.D., son of the preceding b. at The Norlands, Livermore, Me., June 6, 1813; received a classical education, mostly from private tutors, and studied for the bar, to which he was admitted Oct., 1834; settled in December of that year at Orono, Penobscot co., where he soon had a large practice, which continued till his election to Congress in 1850; was again elected to the four succeeding Congresses. In 1860 he was elected governor of Maine; re-elected in 1861; declining another election, was

Washburn (WILLIAM DREW), b. at Livermore. Me., Jan. 14, 1831: youngest son of Israel Washburn, Sr.; graduated at Bowdoin College 1854, and having studied law was admitted to the bar 1857; emigrated to Minnesota the same year, and in 1861 was appointed surveyor-general of that State, which office he held during the administration of Pres. Lincoln. Since then he has been one of the largest lumber-dealers and manufacturers in the North-west; was president of the Minneapolis and St. Louis R. R. Co.

Washburne (ELIHU BENJAMIN), b. at Livermore, Me., Sept. 23, 1816, the third son of Israel Washburn, Sr.: early learned the trade of a printer, but gave up type-setting at the age of eighteen and commenced the study of the classics, which he pursued at the academy at Kent's Hill, Readfield, Me.; afterward studied law in Hallowell and Boston and at the Harvard Law School; in 1840 went West, and settled in Galena, Ill., where he commenced the practice of law in company with Charles S. Hempstead, Esq.; in 1852 was elected to Congress, and continued to represent his district till Mar., 1869. At the time of his retirement he was by consecutive elections the oldest member, or, in Congressional parlance, the "father of the House." On the accession of Gen. Grant to the Presidency he was appointed secretary of state, but soon after resigned that position to accept that of minister plenipotentiary to France. He was serving in this capacity at the outbreak of the war between France and Prussia, and remained at his post during the siege of Paris by the Prussians and the more terrible reign of the Commune, all the other foreign ministers having left their posts at this time, when their presence was most required to protect the lives and property of their respective countrymen. Mr. Washburne sturdily refused to leave, but gave shelter and protection as far as possible to all foreigners who had been abandoned by the ambassadors of their own governments. His firmness and resolution in protecting

those unfortunate Germans who were unable to leave Paris won the admiration not only of all persons who were exposed to the trials and dangers of this protracted siege, but of all PORTER C. BLISS. foreign governments.

Washing of Feet, in supposed accordance with the Lord's example and mandate (John xiii. 5-14), is a prac tice insisted on by some Protestant Christians. In the Roman Catholic Church the pope himself and the bishops and priests of certain dioceses wash the feet of twelve pilgrims once a year on Maunday Thursday, after the celebration of a solemn mass.

WASHINGTON.

city. Situated in part on the tongue of land lying at the confluence of two broad rivers, from which the ground rises in natural and not abrupt ridges into the expanded plateau of Capitol Hill, about 100 feet above the Potomac, the surface of the city presents a gentle undulation which gives variety and constant transition of prospect, without producing any obstructions to travel. The city proper is surrounded on the E., N., and W. by an amphitheatre of wellwooded hills, embracing in most cases the ancient forestgrowth of tall timber, which was cut off or burned on the Maryland side (as on the Virginia) during the ravages of

391

civil war. Viewed from the vantage-ground of the Capitol dome, or even the western portico, the environs of Washington present a landscape of rare beauty and varied effect. The near view includes the mass of the city, thickly covered with dwellings, stores, and shops, intersected by the two great arteries of Pennsylvania Avenue, running to the Treasury, and Maryland Avenue, running westward to the Potomac. At frequent intervals through the perspective of roofs rise the tall steeples of churches and the massive white marble edifices of the various government buildings. Turning westward, the bright broad current of the Poto

New State, War, and Navy Departments.

now occupied by the government, and its National Ceme- | tery or city of the dead, where 15,000 Union soldiers are interred, while the spire of Fairfax Seminary, 6 miles distant, rises above the horizon in the direction of Alexandria. The latter little city, with its houses, churches, and shipping lying along the harbor, is clearly visible, and the river is at almost all seasons dotted with the sails of rivereraft and with steamers plying up and down. To the N. W., over the roofs of the Executive Mansion and the new State Department, rise the lofty and picturesque

heights of Georgetown, attaining at the adjoining village of Tenallytown, just outside the borders of the District of Columbia, a height of some 400 feet above the level of the sea. To the N. are seen the buildings of Howard University, crowning Seventh street hill, and beyond the tower of the Soldiers' Home, a free refuge for the disabled soldiers of the army, comprising a beautiful park of 500 neres in extent. It was this delightful and comprehensive view which drew from Baron von Humboldt the remark, as he stood on the western crest of Capitol Hill and surveyed the