VIRGINIA. 7,826,174 bushels; corn, 29,119,761 bushels; oats, 5,333,181 bushels; rye, 324,431 bushels; buckwheat, 136,004 bushels; barley, 14,223 bushels. Of cotton there were raised 19,595 bales. The wool clip of 1880 yielded 1,836,673 pounds. Farm Animals.-The census of 1880 showed: horses, 218,838; mules and asses, 33,598; cattle, 686,184; sheep, 497,289; swine, 956,451. Of Manufactures and Mining Products.-Virginia had, in 1880, 5710 manufacturing establishments, with capital of $26,968,990, employing 40,184 hands, and paying in wages $7,425,261; total value of products, $51,780,692. these the iron and steel industry produced $2,585,999. Of cotton-factories Virginia had 8 in 1880, with 1322 looms and 44,340 spindles, using 11,461 bales of cotton, and employing 1112 hands; value of cotton goods manufactured, $1,040,962. Amount of coal mined 1881, 100,000 tons. Pig-iron production 1881, 83,711 tons. Fisheries. The oyster-fisheries of Chesapeake Bay and the salt and fresh water fisheries of Virginia's numerous and productive rivers have long formed a considerable element of wealth. The destruction of food-fishes of late years by sweeping methods has led to the wide distribution of spawn and small-fry by the U. S. fish commission, and this industry is now on the recovery. The shad, sturgeon, and black bass stand foremost among food-fishes produced. | 315 bers; Disciples of Christ, 150 churches, 115 ministers, 16,500 members; Protestant Episcopal, 140 churches, 128 ministers, 12,616 members; there are about 20 other denominations, having 50 to 12,000 members each, Alleghany Bedford Floyd... Railroads.-There were in operation, Jan., 1882, in Virginia, 2194 miles of railway, costing $142,541,043, with net earnings of $3,654,115, paying in interest and dividends $1,934,508. The Virginia Midland, the Chesapeake Giles.... and Ohio, the Norfolk and Western, the Richmond and Danville, Richmond and Alleghany, and the Shenandoah Valley R. Rs. are the leading lines. Finances. The assessed valuation of property in 1880 was: real estate, $233,601,599; personal, $74,853,536; State tax, 5 mills on a dollar, producing $2,067,678. State debt 1882, $29,614,793; the State, however, has "readjusted" its debt (1881) on the basis of paying in new 3-per-cent. bonds from 53 per cent. to 69 per cent. of its face value. Total public indebtedness, State, county, and municipal, 1880, $42,099,802; total raised by taxation, State and local, 1880, $4,642,202. Commerce.-Virginia has four ports of entry-Alexandria, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Richmond. The foreign commerce (chiefly exports of cotton) was, in 1881, exports, The internal trade, by $20,171,009; imports, $236,735. railway and river, is extensive, but without statistics. Shipping in 1882, 1152 sailing vessels and 107 steamers, measuring 37,312 tons. Banks, etc.-In Oct., 1881, Virginia had 18 national banks, with capital of $2,966,000; circulation, $2,444,700 ; U.S. bonds to secure circulation, $2,753,350; aggregate deposits, $9,564,387. There were also 53 State banks and trust companies, with $2,280,452 capital and $6,371,435 deposits; 18 private bankers, with $369,792 capital and $2,102,077 deposits; and 3 savings banks, with $813,449 deposits. The insurance companies paid losses in 1881 to the amount of $624,200. Population. 1860, 1,219,630; 1870, 1,225,163; 1880, 1,512,565 (white 880,858, colored 631,707, including 6 Chinese and 85 Indians). Principal Cities and Towns, Pop. 1880.- Richmond (cap.), 63,600; Norfolk, 21,966; Petersburg, 21,656; Lynchburg, 15,959; Alexandria, 13,659; Portsmouth, including navy-yard, 11,390; Danville, 7526; Staunton, 6664; Manchester, 5729; Fredericksburg, 5010; Winchester, 4958. Education.-There were, in 1880, 555,807 children of school-age (five to twenty-one years), of whom 220,733 were enrolled in public schools, with average daily attendance of 129,006. Out of an aggregate population, ten years and over, of 1,059,034, there were 360,495 unable to read and 430,352 unable to write; of the latter number, 315,660 were colored. Total expenditure for public schools, 1880, $889,862, of which teachers' salaries required $716,153. Virginia has 8 colleges and universities, with 68 instructors and 831 students, receiving in tuition fees, 1380, $16,279. The University of Virginia at Charlottesville, and Washington and Lee University at Lexington, are the principal. There are also normal schools and many seminaries for higher education of women. There were published in 1882, in Virginia, 176 newspapers and periodicals, 17 of which were daily. There are 3 State insane asylums, and 1 for the deaf, dumb, and blind. Churches.-The Baptist denomination leads, with 1316 churches, 703 ministers, and 205,909 members; Methodist Episcopal, South, 315 ministers, 88,326 members; Presbyterian, South, 226 churches, 162 ministers, 18,894 mem * On farms only. Hanover. Isle of Wight.. Martinsville. 17,546 Alexandria.... 13,659 5,556 Covington.. 436 Amelia..... 4,482 Warm Springs) 1,075 31,205 Liberty 2,191 5,004 Bland C. H. Fauquier... 13,255 Floyd C. H.. 340 2,099 315 4,958 283 History. Virginia was the earliest settled of the English colonies, but the first attempts at planting a colony there wellnigh miscarried. On May 13, 1607, the first party of 105 colonists, sent out by the London Virginia Company, landed at what is now known as Old Jamestown. They were mostly a company of needy adventurers, and the whole company would have perished but for the enterprise of Capt. John Smith. Smith took command of the colonists, and held it until the officers appointed by the London Virginia Company should make their appearance. Nine vessels had been sent out by the company with 500 colonists, and the admiral, Sir George Somers, the vice-admiral, Christopher Newport, the lieut.-governor, Reference for location of counties. See map of Virginia. ✰ Organized since census of 1880. District. |