country: whence he was brought before the Revolutionary tribunal, con-
demned, and executed with D'Espremenil. Sainte-Beuve calls him 'ce
Franklin de vieille race.'

P. 289, 1. 3. 'last that wore the imperial purple.' The prophecy was
to meet with a striking fulfilment.

P. 290, 1. 4. humility and submission—silent adoration-trembling wings.
As in the fine passage page 163, Burke is using classical materials. Pope,
Essay on Man, i. 91:

'Hope humbly then; with trembling pinions soar:

Wait the great teacher Death, and God adore.'

1. 30. old Trivulzio. The famous old general was then (1515) in his
seventy-fourth year. The battle of Marignano was fought by him at the
head of a French army. It gained Francis I, for a short time, possession of
the whole Duchy of Milan.

1. 31. battle of Marignan. Burke quotes from memory the famous de-
scription of this battle in Mezeray, Book iii: 'Il se trouva sur le champ
quatorze mille Suisses morts et pres de quatre mille François : ceux-là pour
la plus grande part brisez de coups de canons ou percez de traits d'arbaleste,
et ceux-cy fendus et hachez par d'horribles et larges playes. Aussi Trivulce,
qui s'estoit trouvé à dix-huit batailles, disoit que celle-cy estoit une bataille de
géants, et que toutes les autres n'estoient en comparison que des jeux
d'enfans.'

P. 291, 1. 7. Origenist, &c. So Young, Satire vi:

'Dear Tillotson! be sure, the best of men!

Nor thought be more than thought great Origen-
"Though once upon a time he misbehav'd,

Poor Satan! doubtless he'll at length be saved."'

P. 292, 1. 8. usurper, murderer, regicide. Claudius. See Hamlet, Act
iii. sc. 3.

1. 29. massacre at Quiberon. The captured French emigrants, not being
recognised as belligerents, were all shot. Burke alludes to this in the Third
Letter, p. 170, where he speaks of the 'practised assassin Hoche.'

P. 293, l. 12. Tædet harum, &c. Terence, Eun. ii. 3. 6.

1. 21. Muscadin. Perfumed with musk.

1. 29. Tetrarchs. Cp. p. 174, 1. 25.

P. 294, l. 30. pride, pomp, and circumstance. Othello, Act iii. sc. 3.
P. 296, l. 5. Anacharsis Cloots. Jean Baptiste Clootz, or, properly,
Klotz, a wealthy German settled in Paris, and greatly inflamed with revolu-
tionary ideas. He assumed the name Anacharsis in honour of the philosophic
Scythian, when travelling in Europe before the Revolution. His early
exploit is abundantly described by Burke. He afterwards added to his
assumed title of 'Ambassador of the Human Race' that of 'Personal Enemy
of God.' By a decree of the 26th of August, 1792, the title of citizen was
conferred upon him: on which occasion he thanked the French people at

the bar of the Convention, and pronounced a panegyric on the regicide Ankarström. Cp. note to p. 179, l. 5, ante. He perished a victim to the Terror, March 23, 1794.

P. 297, 1. 6. their Cotterel. Sir Clement Cotterell was a high official of the Court of George III.

1. 10. gaudy day. An annual festival.

P. 298, 1. 9. grown philosophick. This keen sarcasm refers not only to the late Emperor, Joseph the Second, and to Louis XVI, but to such living sovereigns as the Grand Duke of Tuscany. See p. 175, where he is spoken of as a pacific Solomon.'

6

P. 298, 1. 13. Cappadocia. Burke of course means that Prussia had become to France what Cappadocia was to Rome; a humble province of the regicide empire.

1. 14. Judean representation. Burke likens Austria to Judea, as he has just likened Prussia to Cappadocia. 1. 21. daughter. Marie Antoinette.

1. 34. Moriamur, &c. The story of the unanimous enthusiasm of the Hungarian Diet is apocryphal. The words were used by Francis Stephen, Maria Theresa's husband, and a certain number of the nobles repeated it after him: but the majority murmured, and demanded a readjustment of taxation.

P. 300, 1. 28. Lord Auckland-Duke of Bedford. The latter was one of the leaders of the opposition in the Lords, and the author of the attack on Burke's pension which led to the 'Letter to a Noble Lord.'

P. 302, 1. 4. I do not believe, &c. Burke is right. Washington bore no hatred to Great Britain.

1. 31. infernal altar. The allusion is to the story of Hannibal, as stated by Livy. Cp. note to p. 6, l. 16.

P. 303, l. 11. an Author who points, &c.

from Ann. Lib. VI. c. 44.

Tacitus. The quotation is

P. 304, 1. 31. Marquis de Montalembert. This veteran soldier was still living, and actively employed in the service of the Republic. He wrote more than one Military Treatise.'

P. 305, 1. 14. Mire sagaces, &c. Horace, Odes, Lib. ii. 5. 22.

1. 20. old coarse bye-word. 'God sends meat, and the devil sends cooks.' 1. 23. Thomas Paine. The author of the Rights of Man had been installed as a member of the Convention.

1. 34. house that he has opened. Burke goes on in his happiest vein of humour, to apply to Paine the amusing lines of Swift.

P. 306, 1. 6. But though the treacherous tapster, Thomas. From Swift's lines to Stella on her birthday, 1719-20. The allusion is to the old and new Angel Inns on one of the quays at Dublin.

1. 22. light lie the earth, &c. Cp. ante, p. 40, 1. 7.

1. 32. Republic of Europe. The argument is amplified in the First Letter. P. 307, l. 14. I have reason to be persuaded, &c. Cp. the earlier pages of the Reflections (Select Works, vol. ii.). Thiers, in his History, says that the French political clubs were modelled on those of England.

1. 20. formal distributions—moral basis. See the arguments in vol. ii. p. 203, and following.

P. 308, 1. 7. Astræa. The goddess of Justice, said to have quitted the earth when the Golden Age ceased.

P. 309, l. 1. I have heard that a Tartar believes, &c. Butler, Hudibras (Part i. c. 2):

So a wild Tartar, when he spies

A man that's handsome, valiant, wise,
If he can kill him thinks t' inherit

His wit, his beauty, and his spirit.'

So Shaftesbury, Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour :-'For, in good earnest, to destroy a philosophy in hatred to a man implies as errant a Tartar-notion as to destroy or murder a man, in order to plunder him of his wit, and get the inheritance of his understanding.'

1. 9. tontine of Infamy. A happy stroke. A Tontine (so named from its inventor) is a lottery in which the longest livers divide the produce of the stock, with its accumulations. Cp. vol. ii. p. 290, l. 16.

1. 22. Murderers and hogs, &c. This grim humour is borrowed from Bacon's 'Spurious' Apophthegms, No. 16.

1. 26. Pantheon. Cp. ante, note to p. 72, 1. 6.

P. 312, 1. 17. regardants. A villain regardant' is the old legal term for an ordinary serf.

1. 18. even the Negroes, &c. Burke goes too far. At this time the condition of the negroes in the British West Indies, which Burke had been the first to characterise adequately, in a juvenile production forty years before, was being widely discussed.

1. 33. more at large hereafter. See the Second Letter.

P. 314, 1. 10. genethliacon. A birth-song. Burke's observation is correct. It was the strength of the opposition in the Assembly, and the goodness of their cause, that led to the Revolution of Fructidor, and the triumph of the war-party, in 1797.

P. 317, l. 21. 'splitting this brilliant orb,' &c.:

'Give me my Romeo, and when he shall die,

Take him and cut him out in little stars,
And he shall make the face of heaven so fine,
That all the world shall fall in love with night.'

Romeo and Juliet, Act iii. sc. 2.

P. 321, 1. 4. eundem Negotiatorem, &c. The Roman negotiator or factor was usually a slave. 'Nolo eundem populum imperatorem et portitorem esse terrarum.' Cicero, de Republica, Lib. iv, cap. 7.

1. 10. master Republick cultivates the arts, &c. The allusion is to Virgil's well-known lines: Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento; Hae tibi erunt artes.'

1. 30. by inch of candle. By auction; the time for bidding limited by an inch of candle.

1. 31. dedecorum pretiosus, &c. Horace, Odes, Lib. iii. 6. 32.

1. 32. Prince of Peace. See ante, p. 174, and the note.

1. 34. pesos duros. Dollars.

P. 322, 1. 24. death of Philip the Fourth. Burke works out this hint in the First Letter, p. 56.

P. 323, 1. 6. Ad confligendum, &c. Lucretius, III. 845.

P. 325, 1. 9. this holy season. Cp. p. 264. From the two passages it may be concluded that the work was begun late in December 1795.

P. 326, 1. 27. transatlantic Morocco. Burke alludes to the political rights which according to French principles were granted to the free blacks and men of colour in the French West Indies, and to the stimulus which this would give to communities originally founded on piracy, and always addicted to it.

P. 329, 1. 7. Here ends that part of the critique upon Auckland's Letter which Burke corrected for the press. The following pages, down to p. 333, 1. 18, were made up by Bishop King from loose uncorrected papers.

1. 22. bought by so much blood. Burke has in mind his favourite lines from Addison's Cato:

'Remember, O my friends, the laws, the rights,
The generous plan of power deliver'd down
From age to age, by your renown'd forefathers-
So dearly bought, the price of so much blood-
O let it never perish in your hands,

But piously transmit it to your children.'

P. 332, 1. 24. They never will love, &c. Dr. Johnson 'loved a good hater.' For in base mind nor friendship dwells, nor enmity.'

Spenser, Faery Queen, Book iv, canto iv, st. II. P. 333, 1. 6. best accounts I have, &c. Burke alludes to the strict retirement in which he was living, since the death of his son.

1. 7. 'some to undo,' &c. The line is from Denham's 'Cooper's Hill.' 1. 18. Here the original terminates. The remaining portion of this letter does not belong to Burke's confutation of Lord Auckland. It was added by Bishop King from a separate copy, already put into type, but never finished or published. The Bishop says that it formed part of the Third Letter of Burke's original scheme (see p. 96), and was laid aside in consequence of the rupture of the negotiations.

P. 334, 1. 9. tremblingly alive. The expression is Pope's. Essay on Man, i. 197.

1. 16. vanished at the crowing,' &c. Shakespeare, Hamlet.

1. 18. us poor Tory geese. The allusion is to the story of the Capitol of Rome saved from the Gauls by the cackling of geese, Livy, Lib. v. c. 47. 1. 33. Hic auratis, &c. Virgil, Aen. viii, 655.

P. 335. This bitter tirade, which applies to most of Burke's former political associates, cannot be read without pain. It must be remembered that he did not publish it.

P. 338, 1. 3. Where I do not recollect. See P. li.

Othello, Act iii. sc. 5.

P. 340, I. 15. jewel of their souls, &c. P. 342, 1. 3. awful and imposing. The allusion is clearly to Windsor Castle, as seen on the approach from the uplands of Buckinghamshire, where Burke was living in retirement.

P. 343, 1. 5. for a few days, &c. This indicates that the fragment was written while Malmesbury's negotiations were yet going on, and a favourable conclusion was anticipated.

P. 344, 1. 30. coaches of Duchesses, Countesses, and Lady Marys: 'Monsieur much complains at Paris

Of wrongs from Dutchesses, and Lady Marys.'

Pope, Dunciad, Book ii,

P. 348, 1. 19. Is it for this that our youth of both sexes are to form themselves by travel? Wordsworth illustrates the warning:

'Not in my single self alone I found,

But in the minds of all ingenuous youth,

Change and subversion from that hour. No shock

Given to my moral nature had I known

Down to that very moment.'

The Prelude, Book x.

Much of this book may be read to show the working of the French Revolution on the minds of many of the young men of England.

P. 350, 1. 23. Tenth wave.

་

Silius Italicus, xiv. 121.

'Non aliter Boreas Rhodopes a vertice praeceps

Cum sese immisit decimoque volumine pontum
Expulit in terras.'

So Taylor, 'Mercy of the Divine Judgments:' 'If Pharaoh will not be cured by one plague he shall have ten, and if ten will not do it, the great and tenth wave which is far bigger than all the rest.' Young, The Brothers, Act iv. :

This, Fate, is thy tenth wave, and quite o'erwhelms me.'

P. 352, 1. 22. Mr. Hume's Euthanasia, &c. In his early Essay On the British Government,' Hume argues from a fallacy already confuted by Burke (see p. 4) that the 'English constitution' must end either in a republic or an absolute monarchy. The latter he thought the easiest and most natural.