The campaign of 1811 opened with a great this manner; but we imagine it will be evireduction of the Russian forces, in consequence dent that such was the case, from the following of the menacing state of the relations between statement. So little is really known of this St. Petersburg and the Tuileries. Kutusoff war, though occurring strictly in our own found no more than fifty thousand men at his times, that it may be well to state the authordisposal, and the Turks having rallied round ities we shall generally follow in the account. their standards to the number of sixty to The Portfolio, or collection of State Papers, coneighty thousand men, he necessarily stood on tains (vol. iii.), a “Précis of a Report on the Rusthe defensive. The very interesting battle of sian Campaigns of 1828 and 1829, drawn up, for Rustchuk, in which the characteristic qualities the information of the Duke of Wellington, by of the European infantry and Asiatic horse Lieut.-Colonel Chesney." The Editor of that were so remarkably displayed, was the first publication and the gallant and highly scienoccurrence of any note. Though victorious, tific officer, of whose report it purports to be a Kutusoff felt his position to be insecure, with précis, being happily both living, we shall the Danube in his rear, and retired the whole leave any question of authenticity to be of his forces across the river. The Turks settled, if necessary, between them-merely having crossed in pursuit, fortified themselves observing, however, that it bears upon its face on the opposite, or Wallachian bank; then the stamp of truth, under whatever circumfollowed the extraordinary action, in advance stances it chanced to come into print. We of Giurgevo, in which the Turkish fieldworks shall rely in some measure also on the history covering their bridge were literally surrounded by Valentini, from whom we have already by the Russian redoubts and their whole army largely quoted, and who, though evincing a shut up within their lines, while a Russian strong bias in favor of his former companions division, having crossed the river unperceived, in arms, and obtaining his information through gained command of the bridges in their rear Russian channels, shows, nevertheless, a reand of the interior of the camp. A furious gard for truth that may well qualify him for cannonade ensued, till the whole surviving the first rank of military historians. Turkish force which had passed the river laid down their arms. Negotiations for peace were entered upon shortly after, and the campaign thus terminated. The Russians opened the campaign of 1828 with 160,000 men according to some, with only 100,000 according to others, by invading the Danubian Principalities, which they entered Little or no use appears in these campaigns on the 8th of May. They are stated to have to have been made of the fleets on either side. advanced without any previously arranged This is explained, however, so far as the Rus- commissariat, acting probably on the old Rosians are concerned, by the circumstance, that man, and afterwards Napoleonian maxim, of Varna, the great military post of Turkey, was making war maintain war, and levying conuntaken. An attempt on that fortress was tributions on the peasants without payment. made in the course of the second campaign, As might be expected, a scarcity ensued; fresh which, however, failed. On the other hand, supplies were brought in from Russian Bessaboth sides employed a large fleet of gun-boats rabia by forced labor: famine preyed on the on the Danube, which seems to be indispensa-population of the country, a murrain consumed ble to operations on that river. the cattle, and the plague broke out with inWe now come to the Russian campaigns of tense energy at Bucharest, carrying off in the 1828-9. The destruction of the janissaries, two years no less than 12,000 Russian soldiers. or military feudatories, holding their lands for While these horrors were being perpetrated services liable to be demanded in war, which in their rear, the Russian army proceeded to had occurred three years before, had sapped, the siege and capture of the fortresses in their for the time at least, the main strength of the way. Meanwhile, the Turks had assembled Ottoman Empire, by transferring its defence 31,800 infantry, and 13,000 cavalry at Schumla, from the arm of the freeman to that of the under "the energetic Hussien Pacha." The conscript. The latter was no substitute for the Russians moved simultaneously against Varna, former-the irregular violence of whose Silistria, and Schumla. Of these, however, at blows was but ill compensated by the at- the termination of the campaign, on the arrival tempted European discipline under the new of winter, they had only succeeded in the capsystem. Accordingly, we may be prepared to ture of Varna, after a resistance of seventy expect the most formidable defeat the Turkish days to the Russian batteries, and with two Empire had yet sustained. Bad as it was, bastions demolished by their mines. The garhowever, it was by no means easily achieved; rison did not risk an assault, with which the and, as we shall presently see, it was accom- Turkish defence usually commences, and there plished at last far more by a successful stroke appears reason to suppose the gates were partly of generalship, than by the overwhelming opened with a golden key. The besiegers force of the assailants. We do not usually, were materially assisted by their fleet. At the indeed, hear these campaigns spoken of in end of October, the sieges of Silistria and Schumla were raised, and the Russians went | battle, made a diversion in the rear of the into winter quarters. Thousands of men are Russians; but became, as it would appear, said to have died of the plague in this campaign, panic-struck, to which the Turks are peculiarly and 30,000 horses were lost. liable, retired with haste, and even abandoned The winter of 1828-9 was marked by a total in- the redoubts in front of Schumla. Had Genactivity on the part of the Turks, and, as has been eral Diebitsch followed up his victory, which, hitherto their wont, by great numbers of them however, he may not have been in a position returning to their homes. The Russians taught to do, he must have carried Schumla itself. by the experience of the past year, made the Two days afterwards, the Grand Vizier remost extensive preparations for the forthcoming gained that encampment with 30,000 men; campaign the total inability to proceed with- having lost in the engagement at Pravadi out a full supply of provisions and stores laid 3000, and the Russians very few less. up in a regular system of magazines, and for- Silistria surrendered, on the 30th June, for warded to the fighting corps, by established want of ammunition-the Russians having and well-guarded lines of communication, effected two practicable breaches, and prehaving been fatally demonstrated.* pared five mines. The Turks, having ex chuk. General Diehitsch then made a feint of attack At the commencement of the second cam-pended their powder, could not risk an assault, paign, the Russian army amounted in all to or history might have recorded a second Rust150,000 men. The Turkish regular force was rather less than in the autumn of 1828. Fortyfive thousand Russians proceeded to the siege of Silistria, which had been raised on the approach of winter. The remainder appear to have been placed in various positions menacing Schumla, and preparing for the passage of the Balkan should occasion offer. ing Schumla, till the Grand Vizier had recalled ther to deceive the Turks, Diebitsch retreated on his detachments from all the passes. In order furJeni-Bazaar, six leagues on the road to Silistria. He then turned suddenly towards Devra and Keuprikioi. In order to pass the Balkan, each Pravadi, a smail town situated between soldier was supplied with four days' food, and the Varna and Schumla, and on the road leading wagons brought sufficient for ten days' more. from Bazarjik, through Aidos, to Constanti- Ten thousand men were left to watch Schumla, nople, was recognized by the Grand Vizier as and to assault it if the Vizier moved. The Vian important strategical point, which would zier sent instantly 10,000 men to intercept Dieenable the Russians to turn the position of bitsch at Keuprikioi; but the Russians had alSchumla, and lay open the plains of Adria-ready passed through, and were on their way to nople. Here the Russians had assembled 10,000 men. The Grand Vizier attacked it with 35,000 men; and whilst he was occupied in besieging it, Diebitsch planned and executed the passage of the Balkan. "General Diebitsch marched from Silistria, desiring Generals Roth and Rudiger to enclose the Turks in the defiles of Pravadi (with the garrison of that place closing them in its rear), until he himself could arrive with his army. Meantime, Ibrahim Pacha, who was left at Schumla, summoned the Grand Vizier to his relief." A battle ensued, in the afternoon of the 11th June, at Kouleftja, in which, after a sanguinary conflict, and hemmed in on all sides, the Turks at length fled. "The Russians had in the battle 40,000 men and 100 guns." upon The garrison of Schumla had, during the *A curious indication, with many others, of the long matured designs of Russia for an attack Turkey, is offered by the fact, well known in the London trade, that the Russian medical department purchased, at the commencement of the present year, four times their usual amount of quinine, the chief medicine for the intermittent fever arising from malaria. It is customary with that government to purchase six months' consumption at a time. The order was this year for an amount equal to two years' consumption. The circumstance occasioned much surprise, until the mystery was solved by recent events. Selimnia. The Russians passed the Balkan with afterwards, ten thousand were in the hospitals. only forty thousand men; of whom, in ten days If the Turks had shown front, from place to place, the Russians must have retreated towards the sea for provisions. Thus the famous Balkans, with the Great Gate of Constantinople, as we may fairly term Schumla, were effectually turned. The fall of Adrianople succeeded, and Turkey appeared for the first time prostrate under its conqueror. It is very doubtful how far this was really the case. The Russians at Adrianople, could not bring forty thousand men into the field. Their line of communication was insecure, and their troops were dying off by thousands. "Of six thousand sick at Adrianople, every one died in three months." The total loss of the Russians in the two campaigns is calculated at the frightful number of "one hundred and forty thousand men and fifty thousand horses."* It is quite clear from the above narrative that the Balkans ought not to have been forced, and that the success of this daring passage of arms was due rather to the skill of the gener *It is only proper to observe that the account given in The Portfolio, from which the parts above quoted are drawn, appears essentially Turkish. We may rely however on the general facts here stated. al than to the want of bravery of of ability in Arda; being the point to which the roads the defenders. It was an event which may or from the various passes of the Balkan converge, may not recur, but with strong chances against with exception alone of that from Aidos; posthe repetition. The forces, moreover, were sessing water communication with the Levant very unequally matched, and yet the Turks for vessels of moderate tonnage, by the Maritlost but little ground in the first campaign, za and the Gulf of Enos; thus at once coverand, but for their misfortune at Pravadi, would ing the approaches on Constantinople and probably have lost but a few fortresses in the supporting the positions of the Balkan-seems second. The Russians again had the entire marked out by its position as the last bulwark command of the sea, on which their left flank of the empire. Marshal Marmont, who, in rested, with Varna as their base, and their the earlier part of his career had made Turfleet was of incalculable service in the siege key his special study (having been ordered and capture of Sizepoli, a fortress on the coast by Napoleon, after the treaty of Tilsit, to send commanding the harbor of Bourgas, in the officers into the country on various pretexts, early part of the campaign, which gave them to examine and report upon its military capaa ready communication with the sea for pro- bilities), and who in the latter part of his life, visions and ammunition after crossing the when an exile, revisited the scene of his forBalkan. mer labors, has left us an instructive chapter on the relations of that empire to the various Europeon Powers and on the strategical advantages of Adrianople in particular. The picture, indeed, which he draws is the exact reverse of what is now the case-he presumes the Russians to have entered Turkey, and, with the consent of the Turks, to be holding We have in the above accounts gone somewhat into detail, in order to bring before our readers the real state of the matter, as it has been laid open by past wars. We confess, at the same time, to having another and more immediately important object,-to inspire a wholesome confidence in the public mind, not only in the justice of the cause on which this it against Austria, France and England. Afgreat country has (virtually) embarked, but also in its perfect ability to uphold the same if necessary, by force of arms, as we now hope to show. ter providing for the security of the Dardanelles and of Constantinople, he proposes to place the "remainder of the army, that is to say, forty thousand men at Adrianople, and to Out of the five campaigns above sketched, form there an entrenched camp, similar to the the Russians gained a decisive success in but fortifications around Lintz, consisting of an one. It by no means appears that they would extended system of towers, and with due adhave gained this but for two circumstances- vantage taken of the rivers which there flow their command of the sea, which, with the pos- into the Maritza. Eighteen or twenty towers session of Varna and Sizepoli, ensured in some would render that post unassailable; an army degree their communications and supplies, and, of thirty to forty thousand men could not be as we have before said, a very successful shut up within it, while it would hold one of stroke of generalship. What, then, would eighty thousand in check, who could not venhave happened had there been forty thousand ture to leave it in their rear."* The accomFrench and British troops covering Adriano- plished author subsequently considers the opple? What, if British and French fleets posite case, of the western nations becoming had maintained the line of the coast, and pre- the defenders of Turkey, and candidly admits vented any Russian squadrons or transports that the brilliant advantages he had depicted from accompanying or supplying their troops as accruing to the Russians from a presumed on the march? It is obvious the thing could defensive position taken in Turkey with the not have been attempted at all. It is not, in- consent of the Turks, belong in truth to the deed, equally obvious that Varna would not first occupant. The sentence which follows it have been captured; but it is not impossible so curiously illustrative of (in part at least) the that in Turkish hands, with the assistance of present situation, that we cannot resist trans a friendly squadron, that most important place, cribing it verbatim merely premising that the with respect both to land and sea operations, work was published in 1837 :— would have proved a second Acre. Varna, as En effet, si une flotte française et anglaise, covering the right flank of the great positions passe le détroit des Dardanelles, et arrive à Conon the Balkan, and as, conjointly with Con- stantinople: si en même temps un corps de cinstantinople, a basis of naval operations against quante mille hommes de l'alliance, uutrichien ou Odessa and Sebastopol, should be defended, it is clear, to the last, in any war of defence undertaken by the western nations on behalf of Turkey. Adrianople, the second city in the empire, next claims our attention. Placed at the confluence of the Maritza, the Toundja and the français, vient prendre position à Andrinople, et pour enlever ces positions à leurs ennemis: dès *Voyage du Marechal Duc de Raguse, ii. 121. realized. Put "British" for "Austrian," in the cate- brave must come, if needs be, to the rescue. gory of troops which should be opposed, if the A" wilful King" aims at interference with the worst come to the worst, to Russian aggression, manifest course of Providential government, and the picture would seem not unlikely to be to turn its righteous decrees to his own account. He invades under the name of peace. We have purposely abstained from touching To justify his violence he pleads facts that on the grave question, "What is to be done with never had being, and principles that have no Turkey?" It is, indeed, a question the re-place save in the mind that blinds itself to the sponsibilities of which may well make states- real truth of things. Let the wise take warnmen tremble. But we fail to perceive that ing. What will be the end we know not yet. the course of Providence has yet put it to us. But our hope is in Him who "giveth not the What we do know is our present plain path race to the swift, nor the battle to the strong." of duty. No verbal sophisms, no diplomatic And with truth and justice, and that sympaniceties, no risk even to our own beloved land, thy which was not withheld even from the must keep us from that. A nation, like an outcast Samaritan-all these for us, we may individual, has an end for which to live. Bet- surely quote against the northern invader, his ter to cease to live than give up that end for own biblical motto for the war, if to war we at which it came into being. "Death before last be driven-DOMINE IN TE SPERAVI, NE dishonor." Right is at this moment invaded CONFUNDAR IN ÆTERNUM. by unjust power, and the strong arm of the THE CRYSTAL PALACE, NEW YORK.-A correspondent of the Boston Daily Advertiser pays a well-merited tribute to the management of the Crystal Palace : amusing expressions are not fancy inventions. I had each of them on authorities which established them as genuine." "Whatever spiteful things may be said of the NEVER LOOK A GIFT HORSE IN THE MOUTH! exhibition as a 'speculation,' it must be acknowl- This edged by the most contemptuous, that the direcfamiliar and often-repeated saying very tors and officers who have controlled the man- takes its origin from a circumstance which 00agement have acted, on the whole, with an en- curred many years ago in the vicinity of Carlisle. larged and liberal spirit and in a manner credit- Two farmers, who had been neighbors for many able to the country. There have been no indica- years, and who had lived upon very friendly tions of a parsimonious disposition in the ar- terms, mutually agreed, that whichever died first rangements; and whatever may have been the should leave to the other a valuable considerashortcomings of the exhibition, it has certainly tion, not specifying, however, what it was to be. been an affair of splendor unprecedented in this The one was called Martin Timson, and the country, and highly beneficial to her best in-other David Dean. David was called away first, terests." The same writer gives some entertaining details relating to the fair: "Before dismissing the exhibition, and at the risk of spoiling the effect of the last sentence, I must repeat some of the amusing sayings of the visitors. One of these is told by Mrs. Kirkland, in the opening article of the December number of Putnam's Monthly (an excellent number, by the way, of this most excellent magazine). a visitor, gazing at Thorwaldsen's group of the Saviour and Apostles, read the names which are placed above the separate figures, beginning at the left hand as follows: 'Thomas, James, Andrew,' and said, 'Yes, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Andrew Jackson; but Bartholomew. who's Bartholomew ?' A more ungraceful question than would now be that of last year, Who's Frank Pierce?' Another admirer of the fine arts, enjoying the beauty of a figure of the Sabrina, so exquisitely described in Milton's Comus, after a hasty reference to her catalogue, styled it Sabine, one of the old Roman heroes!' and bequeathed to Martin a favorite horse. Alfred Tennyson, the poet laureate, put up by the liberal party in Glasgow University, as a candidate against Lord Eglington, of the "Tournament," has contested the election of Lord Rector, and been defeated. and desiring to be directed to the French govern- The Wind-Spirit and the Rain-Goddess. From mental court, one of our fair countrywomen the German of Schlimpert. With many Wood more original even than the last, inquired where Cuts. Crosby, Nichols, & Co.: Boston." she might find the 'Hobgoblin Tapestry!' These From the Tribune. PROFITS ON BOOKS IN AMERICA. LETTERS ON INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. BY American readers for means to extricate her little property from the rude hands of the sheriff. Like Lady Morgan, she is now a public pensioner. Leigh Hunt is likewise dependent on the public charity. Tom Hood, so well known by his Song of a Shirt-the delight of his readers, and a mine of wealth to his publishers; a man THESE letters were written in reply to a re- without vices, and of untiring industry-lived quest from the Hon. Mr. Cooper, a Pennsyl- always from day to day on the produce of his vania Senator in Congress, for information on labor. On his death-bed, when his lungs were the subject of International Copyright. Mr. so worn with consumption that he could breathe Carey argues against the proposed treaty, only through a silver tube, he was obliged to now awaiting the action of the Senate, on be propped up with pillows, and with shaking the ground that it is an attempt to substitute hand and dizzy head. forced himself to the task the action of the Executive for that of the of amusing his readers, that he might thereby Legislature, contrary, as he believes, to the obtain bread for his unhappy wife and children. spirit, if not to the letter of the Constitution. to support his family, and all the comfort of his With all his reputation, Moore found it difficult Proceeding then to general considerations, he declining years was due to the charity of his maintains that an International Copyright is friend, Lord Lansdowne. In one of his letters not demanded by justice, because the mate- from Germany, Campbell expresses himself rials which compose an author's productions transported with joy at hearing that a double are the common property of the world, the edition of his poems had just been published in original discoverers in science and art neither London. "This unexpected fifty pounds," says receiving nor claiming any reward for their he, "saves me from jail." Haynes Bayley died ideas. The poverty of English authors, in extreme poverty. Similar statements are furmoreover, which is urged as a reason for In-have, by the use of their pens, largely contributed ternational Copyright, is not caused by the to the enjoyment and the instruction of the people want of such an arrangement, but by the of Great Britain. It would, indeed, be difficult limited home-market for their productions, to find very many cases in which it had been and this is the fruit of the growing tendency otherwise with persons exclusively dependent on toward centralization, so obvious in every the produce of literary labor. With few and part of the operations of the British Empire. brilliant exceptions, their condition appears to The adoption of the International Copyright, have been, and to be, one of almost hopeless in Mr. Carey's opinion, would tend to diminish poverty. Scarcely anything short of this, indeed, the domestic competition for the production of would induce the acceptance of the public charibooks, and increase our dependence on for- ty that is occasionally doled out in the form of eigners for the means of amusement and in- pensions on the literary fund. struction. nished us in relation to numerous others who The cause of this is the limited circulation Reserving the examination of these and that is attained by the works of even the other positions of Mr. Carey to another occa-most popular authors, with certain exceptions, sion, we give below some of the various curi- which confirm the rule. ous statistical details, with which he attempts to illustrate the subject. In regard to the poverty of English writers, Mr. Carey says: Mrs. Inchbald, so well known as the author of the Simple Story, and other novels, as well as in her capacity of editor, dragged on, as we are told, to the age of sixty, a miserable existence, living always in mean lodgings, and suffering frequently from want of the common comforts of life. Lady Morgan, so well known as Miss Owenson, a brilliant and accomplished woman, is now dependent altogether upon the public charity, administered in the form of a pension of less than five hundred dollars a year. Mrs. Hemans,the universally admired poetess, lived and died in poverty. Laman Blanchard lost his senses, and committed suicide in consequence of being compelled, by his extreme poverty, to the effort of writing an article for a periodical while his wife lay a corpse in the house. Miss Mitford, so well known to all of us, found herself, after a life of close economy, so greatly reduced as to have been under the necessity of applying to her Popular as was Captain Marryat, the first editions of his books were, as he himself informed me, for some time only 1,500, and had not then risen above 2,000. Of Mr. Bulwer's novels, so universally popular, the first edition never exceeded 2,500; and so it has been, and is, with others. With all Mr. Thackeray's popularity, the sale of his books, has, I believe, rarely gone beyond 6,000 for the supply of above thirty millions of people. Occasionally, a single author is enabled to fix the attention of the public, and he is enabled to make a fortune not from the sale of large quantities at low prices, but of moderate quantities at high prices. The chief case of the kind now in England is that of Mr. Dickens, who sells for twenty shillings a book that costs about four shillings and sixpence to make, and charges his fellow-laborers in the field of literature an enormous price for the privilege of attaching to his numbers the advertisements of their work, as is shown in the following paragraph from one of the journals of the day: "Thus far, no writer has succeeded in drawing so large pecuniary profits from the exercise of |