When speaking of the analysis of the word 'man,' in the beginning of Chapter II., it was shown that a syllable may be resolved into the ultimate sounds called elements. It is easy to perceive, while uttering the first sound in the table of elements (that represented by a) that the aperture of the mouth takes a different shape in the opening from what it

assumes towards the end of that syllable, and that the sound changes accordingly. The abrupt or opening sound might be represented by short e (e), while the final or vanishing sound We shall then regard a

would be more like long e (e) or ēe. syllable henceforth as having two members, and shall call them, as Dr. Rush has done, the RADICAL and the VANISH. Force, when applied to the former, is called radical stress. When applied to the latter, it constitutes final stress.

In the foregoing exercises, our attention has been wholly directed to the radical; and the vanish has taken care of itself. We next introduce an exercise where a marked distinctness, almost amounting to caricature, is to be given to the vanish or final sound, and this we call final stress. In this way alone shall we be able clearly to distinguish between our terminal consonants, especially between the sub-vowel and aspirate elements; and in this way alone can we get such an exercise as shall be useful in the discipline of the voice for distinctness of consonant sounds. We take the five short vowels, a, e, i, o, and u, and place after them successively the sub-vowels and aspirates.

EXERCISE No. 4.

Thus Ab ĕb ib ob ub, ăd ĕd id od ud, ǎg ég íg og ŭg, ăv ĕv iv Ŏv uv, ǎth ĕth ĭth ŏth ŭth, ăz ěz iz öz ŭz, ăzh ězh ĭzh ōzh ŭzh, ǎj ěj ĭj õj új, ăx èx ìx òx ux, ăl èl îl ōl ŭl, ăr ĕr ir or ur, ăm em im ăm um, ăn ăn in ăn ăn, ăng ěng ing ông ung, up ĕp ip op up, ǎt ět it ŏt ut, ǎk ěk ik õk ŭk, ǎf ĕf if of ŭf, ǎth ĕth ith oth uth, as ĕs is Ŏs us, ash ĕsh ish ōsh ùsh, ǎch ěch ich och uch, ăx ex ix ŏx ùx.

This exercise is admirably calculated to train the voice to

the explosion of the vowel sounds, and also to the production of final stress or distinctive force upon the final sound or the vanish of syllables.

CHAPTER VI.

COGNATES.

BEFORE entering upon the practice of exercises involving two or more syllables in such juxtaposition as to represent words, the attention of the pupil should be directed to certain properties in the nature of the consonant elements which show a relation between some of the sub-vowels and an equal number of the aspirates. If the position of the vocal organs be narrowly observed while sounding the element represented by B, it will be perceived that a similar position of the lips as well as a similar effort of the mouth will also produce the sound represented by P, thus establishing a certain relationship between these two sounds. Hence these sounds, and the signs also which represent them, have been called B and P then are cognates. The same examination will show a like correspondence to exist between D and T; or between the sounds which they represent; D and T then are cognates. The sound of hard G, the third subvowel element in the table, is cognate to the sound represented by K, the aspirate which stands opposite to it in the third column

COGNATES.

of syllables in the table; and so on, as far down as the elements represented respectively by W and WH, inclusive; making ten sub-vowels which have respectively their cognates in the column of aspirates.

Having pointed out this relation, we proceed to form an exercise by placing the vowel elements successively after each sub-vowel and its cognate, thus:

EXERCISE No. 5.

Bāpā bäpä bapa băpă, bēpē bĕpě, bīpī bipi, bōpō boopoo bōpo, būpū băpă bụpu, boupou, boipoi.

Dātā dätä data dătă, dētē dětě, dīti diti, dōtō dootoo dōtō, dūtū dětš dụtụ, doutou, doitoi.

Gākā gäkä gaka găkă, gēkē gěkě, giki giki, gōkō gookoo gōkō, gūkū gŭků gukų, goukou, goikoi.

Vāfā väfä vafa văfă, vēfē věfē, vifi vìfì, võfō voofoo võfò, vūfū vufu vụfu, voufou, voifoi.

Thatha thatha thatha thatha, thethe thethe, thithi thithi, thō

thô thootheo thoth, thuthū thăthủ thụthụ, thouthou, thoithoi.

Zāsā zäsä zasa zăsă, zēsē zěsě, zīsī zisă, zōsō zoosoo zŏsă, zūsū zăsă busu, zousou, zoisoi.

Zhāshā zhäshä zhạshạ zhăshă, zhēshē zhěshě, zhishi zhishi, zhōshō zhooshoo zhosho, zhūshū zhushu zhushu, zhoushou, zhoishoi.

Xãxã xäxã xạxạ xăxã, xèxẽ xěxe, xixi xixi, 20xŪ 200x00 хохо, хихӣ ѵйхй хуху, xouxou, хоіхоі.

Wahwa wäwhä wawha wawhă, wēwhe wěwhě, wiwhi wiwhi,

wōwho woowhoo wŏwho, wūwhū wuwhu wụwhụ, wouwhou, woiwhoi.