So, too, with man's ethical development. Here and there selfish or morally-lazy individuals might be willing to revert to the ethics of the jungle, but the race, as a race, is pressing upward, growing more humane, becoming more and more insistent on organized justice. Can you think of the race being willing to go back even so short a distance as to chattel slavery or to the factory conditions which existed in England. before the passage of the Reform Bill? If you can conceive of such a thing, then all I can say is that you do not know the human family very well, nor do you read the lessons of history aright, for history shows that the race is coming up and going onward. Here and there some low-typed savage (there are such even in civilized lands) might be willing to go back to the days when physical force had no bounds set to it, and when cruelties were absolutely unconfined. But the heart of the race seems to be set on organizing safeguards against such things. The trend is upward, not downward.

Now see how this applies to the problem of war. Man has come a long distance in a certain direction. In his primal jungle he was just "an animal among animals," a red-handed and red-fanged killer, an eater even of his fellow-man. Today you would have to go to some such primeval jungle as the heart of Africa to see human beings pursuing their human quarry, as black warriors pursued Stanley's party on the Congo with cries of "Meat! Meat!" But civilized peoples demand a less uncertain and different kind of food supply. We have come so far that we shall not turn back to cannibalism and jungle life. Never again will the world tolerate Seven Years' Wars, Thirty Years' Wars and Hundred Years' Wars. Never again will war be the normal state of society and peace the exception. Never again will the chief business of men be war. Never again will the world allow private war. Never again will war be waged without rules governing war practices. Not much longer will the growing conscience of man tolerate the economic waste of war or rival armed peace. Never again will judicial procedure revert to ordeals and combat and fistlaw. Never again will we do even to pirates what our Saxon forefathers used to do to captured Norsemen-flay them alive

and nail their hides to church doors, as we know from the bits of human skin found under the broadheaded nails now in the British museum. Never again will we cut warm slices out of the still quivering body of a newly-slain foe as Uncas did to Miantonomo when the latter was sent back by a Boston council of ministers to Connecticut to be killed. Never again will we stick the severed head of our war-victim on our public buildings as the Pilgrims of Plymouth for twenty years exposed the grinning skull of King Philip on their fort, therein only doing what all European nations did in those days. Never again will "civilized" peoples go to war every twenty days to provide the necessary human sacrifices for the gods, as did the ancient Mexicans; the modern world hasn't much use for deities with such appetites, or for any deity that is blood-hungry. Man has gone on so far in science in humaneness, in ethics, in religion, in industrial teamwork, that any suggestion looking to the giving up of these things would evoke amusement, or impatience, or pity, or medical treatment. Never will the race give up its world-embracing mail system and the other half hundred international public unions. Never again, because of inexorable economic necessity, can a nation live unto itself.

In a word, the biological principle of canalization convinces scientific minds that social evolution is headed towards a warless society. The trend is unmistakable. Direction and distance are scientifically prophetic. If the race is to get ahead, war must get out of the way-out of the way of industry and business and bread-producing, out of the way of economic need, out of the way of an already potent social conscience, out of the way of education and sanitation and conservation. Either war must be eliminated or civilization must perish. The race having come all the way from cave-dwelling to flat-dwelling, in all probability will not stop now. It will go on to new and higher attainments, to new and better economic and social conditions, to new and more rational judicial procedure, to new and worthier forms of struggle. Strife will be transformed from brutal blood-spilling to scientific and moral warfare. We have gone so far in rational thinking and

in moral goodness, and we like these things so well, that we shall not, we will not, we can not, turn back.

And so we may emphasize the familiar Hebrew prophecy just as brave, prophetic William Ladd used to emphasize it— "The sword shall be beaten into plowshares, the spear shall be beaten into pruning hooks." In our day, not only can the pacificators see this by moral faith, but the biologist, the anthropologist, the sociologist can see it with the eye of science.

Up in Portage, Wisconsin, is a house on the very watershed between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. If a drop of rain runs down one side of the ridgepole, it trickles down the shingles and in time finds its way into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. If it runs down the other side of the roof it brings up in the Gulf of Mexico. Having once started down the one side or the other it can not retrace its course, and start afresh. Direction and distance traveled determine destination. Therefore I am just optimistic fatalist and fatalistic optimist enough to believe that man has canalized for himself a course which is carrying him inevitably and more and more completely away from war. Direction and distance traveled enable the modern scientific mind to perceive that man is headed away from jungleism towards a completer and completer internationalism. Only by an unforeseen and catastrophic and utter extinction of the human species, can man escape his inevitable and rapidly approaching terrestrial destiny of organized pacificism and world-wide coöperation. We have left the jungle far behind and are fast nearing the goal of internationalism, which goal, once attained, will be the beginning-point of real civilization.

My Dear Sir:

Canada's Message

FROM THE PRIME MINISTER.

Ottawa, Ont., April 2, 1913.

In reply to your letter of 10th March I beg to say that the Government of Canada have profound sympathy with the objects of the Fourth American Peace Congress, which is to be held in St. Louis early in May of this year under the auspices of The Business Men's League of St. Louis, the Missouri Peace Society and the American Peace Society.

Would you be good enough to convey to the Executive Committee my sincere thanks for their courtesy in inviting me to attend the Congress and to deliver an address upon some phase of Internationalism.

My public duties in connection with the session of Parliament which is now in progress, and which will probably be continued during the whole of May, prevent my accepting the invitation. I send, however, my best wishes that the Congress may be successful in every way. The people and Government of Canada are animated with a very sincere and earnest desire to preserve and maintain the most cordial and friendly relations with our neighbors of the great Republic. On their behalf I send a message of good will and friendship to the people of the United States as represented in the Fourth American Peace Congress.

James E. Smith, Esq.,

Faithfully yours,

R. L. BORDEN.

Fourth American Peace Congress,

St. Louis, Mo.

Greetings from Guatemala

L. D. KINGSLAND, Consul General.

As the accredited delegate representing the Republic of Guatemala, it gives me special pleasure to bring greetings from its beloved President, Señor Don Cabrera, who has for so many years presided over the destinies of that Republic, with one thought for its people-peace and prosperity. In the many political controversies developed in Latin-America, he has always been a beacon light for conservatism and the guiding hand to counsel and direct peace to and for all neighboring Republics. Guatemala is reaching out in every legitimate way to extend the hand of friendship and peace to all the nations of the earth. It has set an example to the many countries of Latin-America by demonstrating that peace means prosperity, safety and happiness to all citizens under its protecting flag, and it welcomes strangers with the assurance of protection while within its confines. No country is more blest with climate, soils, agriculture, timber and mining interests than Guatemala. All these industries have gone forward with success through the munificent laws of protection to those who seek its shores, thus demonstrating that peace brings happiness and reward to those who believe in the brotherhood of mankind. Whatever action this Congress takes looking to universal peace, Guatemala will be found in the front rank of its advocates and will always be found a sincere friend to those fighting for the relief and independence of mankind.