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ture? What ambiguity here comes to light in Berkeley's use of the term idea?

9. State Berkeley's argument for the existence of God.

What does Berkeley think he has demonstrated concerning Matter and concerning God?

11. Criticise each of his arguments for the insubstantiality of Matter. Show that, in two of them, he practically begs the question, and how; and that, in the other two, he strikes wide of the mark, or, as the logicians say, commits ignoratio elenchi.

12. Reflect on Berkeley's argument for God's existence, and then endeavor to state completely, all the principles it implies. Give an estimate of it in the light of your results.

13. What, in the second grand division of his treatise, does Berkeley unquestionably succeed in showing?

14. What does he attempt to show in the Third Part? What estimate would you put upon his success here, and why?

15. What permanent contribution may Berkeley be said to have made to Modern Philosophy? In whom, however, did a conscious insight into this view first arise?

16. Compare Berkeley's doctrine with the Cartesian; show their difference upon formal points, but their essential identity in failing to solve the problem of intercommunion between Subject and Object.

17. Compare Berkeley's view with Spinoza's; show from what standpoint it has the apparent advantage over the latter of preserving the identity of the Individual Soul and its distinctness from God; but show, also, from what standpoint it loses this advantage entirely. Point out the contradiction in Berkeley's thinking, which is here implied.

18. What remarkable passages in the Principles seem to penetrate to a philosophy which, while thoroughgoing idealism, would fathom the insight, deeper than Berkeley's, contained in the common view? Why cannot this deep view be credited to the Principles as a system?

ANNUAL EXAMINATION, MAY 29, 1875.

Write a connected sketch of the history of Philosophy, from Descartes to Hume inclusive, giving the systems of Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz, Locke, Berkeley and Hume. Be especially clear upon the following matters:

1. The essential and distinguishing principle of the whole modern philosophic method.

2. The relations of the several systems to each other, and to the modern philosophic movement as a whole.

3. The exact statement of those points in the several systems which the ordinary reader is pretty sure to misapprehend, but an error about which will prevent any real insight into the systems.

4. The characterization of each system as a whole; the statement of the points upon which it has attained to permanent views; and the criticism of its errors and failures.

5. The tracing of Cartesianism through its various attempts to solve the Problem of Certitude consistently with its preconceived principles; including, particularly, the extensions of Descartes' doctrine made by Geulinx and Malebranche.

6. In the case of Leibnitz, the conception of the Monads, the Gradations of Existence, and the Three Principles of Thought.

7. In Locke's case, the exact point rendering him of lasting significance in the history of philosophy.

8. In Berkeley's, to show just how he differs from the ordinary view, just what he means by his "Idealism"; and to refute the vulgar objections to his theory, though criticising it.

9. In Hume's, to be full upon his critique of Causality, and his application of its results to the doctrines of Providence aad Moral Obligation.

Respectfully submitted,

GEO. H. HOWISON.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND HISTORY.

President Runkle:·

I hereby transmit through you to the Government of the Institute the following account of my classes and lessons during the past school year.

To the second class, I gave a course of lectures on the history and literature of the latter half of the Eighteenth Cen. tury. Attendance on these lectures was compulsory, but early in the term, owing to the pressure of their scientific studies the time assigned for writing up notes was taken away. A good deal of voluntary writing was, however, done by various members of the class, and a considerable number gave a voluntary attendance on a continuation of the course through the second

term.

To the third class, I gave a course of lessons on the history and text of the U. S. Constitution, with such references to English constituțional history as time allowed. Attendance on these lectures was compulsory and at the close of the term the class was examined on the text of the Constitution, but time enough was not allowed for more extended study of the subject out of the class-room.

During the second term nearly the whole of the class gave a very regular and constant voluntary attendance on a course of lectures on the Elementary principles of Political Economy and its connections with History.

At the request of a majority of the members of the fourth class, I read with the whole class some of the more important chapters in Prof. Parsons' work "The Laws of Business for Business Men," especially those on the law of contracts, a subject which was assigned to the students in "Science and Literature" only. Study was not compulsory, but the students generally bought the book and a considerable number passed a good examination in the parts gone over. The subject is out of my province and should be in the hands of a legally educated in

structor.

With a small number of students in the department of "Science and Literature" who have attended my lectures I have done a good deal of collateral reading in History and Political Economy, accompanied on their part by a considerable amount of writing. The theses of two graduates in this department, that of Mr. Prentiss, on the condition and resources of the Empire of Austria, and that of Mr. Arnott on Switzerland are herewith presented. •

The Elementary exercises in Rhetoric and Composition which I have heretofore given to the first year's class, were this year omitted to make room for exercises in the department of Logic and Philosophy. I cannot but express my regret that more time cannot be found for all the classes for study and writing in connection with the exercises in my department, and that efficient assistance cannot be afforded me in the laborious work of examining written work.

Respectfully presented,

W. P. ATKINSON,
Professor of English and History.

DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES.

President Runkle:

DEAR SIR, Permit me to submit to you the following report of the department of Modern Languages, with especial reference to its operation during the past year.

I. FRENCH REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION.

This is one of the most important matters relating to the department, and has occupied much of the attention and time of the same. It is now three years that French has been among the requirements for admission. During the past two years the amount required has been the same, viz., "French Grammar through Regular and Irregular verbs, and twenty-five pages of easy reading," i. e., the more prominent forms and laws of the language with some practice in reading. The first year (1873) French was required for admission the amount was less, viz., "The first nineteen lessons of Otto's grammar," i. e., the clements of the language as far as regular verbs. The following table gives the results of these three examinations.

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