shades and shadows, isometric drawing, shading and construction drawing from models and copies. In projections proper were given the mode of representing the plan, and end and front elevations of rectilinear and cylindrical figures, when seen both in parallel and oblique projection; also problems covering the most general cases of the intersection of solids, both by planes. and by other solids, together with their developments. The subject of shades and shadows was pursued by first finding the shades of objects and then their shadows when the latter fall on the vertical or horizontal planes of projection, or on both; and secondly, by finding the shadows on oblique abutments and the like, by means of auxiliary planes. Examples were drawn in isometric projection which included the manner of representing isometric and non-isometric lines, circles, and curved lines, together with isometric shadows. At this stage, practice was had in shading with India ink, some of the isometric constructions being made with special reference to this. As this was for pictorial effect only, but little time was devoted to it owing to the amount of work to be done on more important subjects. It is very desirable, however, that the students should have more practice in making highly finished drawings of structure designs and inventions. Much more time than is in my power to allow for the purpose could be profitably employed in this manner. The year's work gone over thus far, was next practically applied by making one or two construction drawings, the examples being taken from the book, from notes, and from the model. This completed the course in projections after thirteen weeks had been spent on the subject. During the remaining ten weeks of the term Elementary Perspective was taken up. Between two and three weeks were devoted to the natural method of perspective drawing as founded on projections. This consists of finding by projections where a visual ray from a given point to the eye pierces the perspective plane. It satisfies in the most natural manner the simplest geometrical definition of the perspective of a given point, viz., that it is where a visual ray from that point pierces a picture plane. This method however, when applied to any but the most simple objects, complicates the drawing to such an extent that it is not a desirable one to use for practical work. Nevertheless it has a certain value, for it gives to the student a knowledge of the principles upon which the artificial or derivative methods are based. The remaining weeks were given to drawing in perspective both simple and complicated examples, by the methods of diagonals and perpendiculars and of vanishing points. All the work thus described was drawn on uniform sheets of twelve and one half, by eight and one half inches in size, and at the end of the year were bound in neat paste board covers. Besides this course from the text books, at the end of each of the following subjects, additional drawings from notes and models were made on sheets eighteen, by twelve and one half inches in size. Immediately following the elements of drawing as taken from "Drafting Instruments," drawings were made on one of these sheets which served both as a review and as an application of all previously gone over. Following projections proper, a sheet was filled with a few simple applications of the subject to the drawing of patterns for constructions in sheet metal, and the like. A large and complicated line drawing, with its shadow falling on both planes of projection, was constructed from the model as a review of shades and shadows. Two large shaded drawings in perspective completed the year's work in Mechanical Drawing. These review plates, as they were called, were required of all the students as a part of the regular course. Regular drawing exercises of five hours per week were held in the drawing room, during which time each student received personal instruction whenever it was required. In addition to this, recitations were held once a week in the class room and lectures given on the Theory of Drawing. As far as possible these exercises in theory were kept in advance of the work in the drawing room, in order that the students might progress with their drawing as rapidly as possible. Seven examinations were held in Theory of Drawing during the year, including those of the Semi-Annual and Annual. At the former, three stndents were conditioned, and one failing to make up his condition was obliged to drop the subject at the middle of the second term. At the annual examinations none were conditioned, no one obtaining a lower mark than fifty per cent. The drawings of the students were also examined and marked at the Semi-Annual and Annual examinations. The following is the paper given at the Annual examination: 1. ANNUAL EXAMINATION. Theory of Drawing. Construct a diagonal scale of three inches to the foot, from which sixteenths of an inch can be taken. 2. On a given line construct a semi-oval, which shall pass through a given point on the bisecting perpendicular of the given line. 3. Construct the projections of a line two inches long, when it is oblique to both planes of projection. 4. Construct the projections of a vertical circle seen obliquély. 5. Find the intersection of a vertical cylinder with a horizontal one, whose axis is parallel to the ground line. Develop one of the cylinders showing the curve of intersection. 6. Find the shadow of a vertical cylinder resting on the horizontal plane, when it falls on both the horizontal and vertical planes of projections. 7. Find the shadow of the floor of a bridge upon the concave surface of a vertical abutment whose plan is shown on the blackboard. 8. Draw the isometric of a cross and pedestal. Also the isometric of a circle on the face of a cube. 9. Draw the isometric of a rectangular pyramid, and find its shadow. Show all construction lines used. 10. Construct by means of three planes, the perspective of a triangular pyramid and its shadow. Construct by the method of diagonals and perpendiculars the perspective of a cross. 12. Find the perspective of a cube by the method of lines in parallel sets, or by vanishing points, and find the perspective of its shadow by the method of vanishing points. Respectfully submitted, H. N. MUDGE, Instructor in Mechanical Drawing. DEPARTMENT OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY, STEREOTOMY AND DRAWING. To the President: The preparation of this third annual report has been a pleasure, as well as a duty, owing to the marked gain over previous years, particularly in the firmer establishment of wholesome traditions and usages. These traditions and usages, and the spirit of mutual ambition and co-operation in which work may be done, form, as hardly need be said, an unwritten law, more influential upon the quality and amount of work done, than formal rules and prescriptions can be, and one which has found a happy illustration in my work, generally, of the past year. Being otherwise fully occupied, my personal attention to the first year class, during the first half year, was limited to a careful laying out of their work with the instructor, frequent conferences on its progress, and visits to their drawing room to aid and encourage their labors. During the second half, as in the previous year, I shared in the regular class and drawing room instruction, hearing each half of the class one half of the term. The results of the year's work are on record, and well reward the labor spent by the faithful instructor in securing them. The subjects pursued were, as before, Elementary Drawing Operations, including Free-hand; Elementary Projections, and Perspective, with weekly lecture and interrogative exercises, and frequent drawing exercises. |