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of 200 miles. His ears had holes in them, indicating that he had been used for carrying criminals when flogged, and as such asses are abhorred by the peasantry, no one stopped him, and he immediately returned, through a mountainous and intricate country, intersected by streams, to Gibraltar.-Riby and Spence's Entomology, p. 496. The common hypothesis, Dr. Gall observes, that dogs retrace their way by the aid of smell, appears abundantly absurd, when applied to cases in which they were transported by water, or in a coach; and the idea that these animals can discover the effluvia of their master's person across a space of several hundred leagues, appears equally preposterous. Besides, a dog does not return home by the straightest road, nor even by the precise line in which he was carried away; and some naturalists have therefore been obliged to admit an occult cause of this surprising talent, and named it a sixth sense. Dr. Gall considers it to belong to the organ of Locality. The falcon of Iceland returns to its native place from a distance of thousands of miles; and carrier pigeons have long been celebrated for a similar tendency, and have occasionally been employed in consequence to convey despatches. Swallows, nightingales, and a variety of sea-fowls, migrate from one climate to another at certain seasons of the year, which is attributed by Dr. Gall to periodical and involuntary excitement of this organ.

The frontal sinus has been stated as an objection to Locality, but it rarely ascends higher than the lower part of it; and while prominences formed by the sinus are irregular in form, and generally horizontal in direction, the elevations occasioned by a large developement of Locality are uniform in shape, and extend obliquely upwards towards the middle of the forehead. Further, the negative evidence in favor of the organ is irresistible, and it is therefore held as established.

28.-NUMBER.

A SCHOLAR of St. Poelton, near Vienna, was greatly spoken of in that city, on account of his extraordinary talent for calculation.

He was the son of a blacksmith, who had not received any particular instruction beyond that bestowed on other boys at the same school; and in all other respects was nearly on a footing of equality with them. Dr. Gall made him come to Vienna, and presented him to his audience when he was nine years of age. "Lorsqu'on lui donnait," says Dr. Gall, "je suppose, trois nombres exprimés chacun par dix à douze chiffres, en lui demandant de les additionner, puis de les soustraire deux à deux, de les multiplier et de les diviser chacun par un nombre de trois chiffres; il regardait une seule fois les nombres, puis il levait le nez et les yeux en l'air, et il indiquait le résultat de son calcul mental avant que mes auditeurs n'eussent eu le temps de faire le calcul la plume à la main. Il avait creé lui-même sa méthode." An advocate of Vienna stated his regret that his son, of five years of age, occupied himself exclusively with numbers and calculation, in such a manner that it was impossible to fix his attention on any other object, not even on the games of youth. Dr. Gall compared his head with that of the boy just mentioned, and found no particular resemblance, except in a remarkable prominence at the external angle of the eye, and a little to the side. In both, the eye was in some degree covered by the external angle of the upper eyebrow. These cases suggested the idea that the talent for calculation might be connected with a particular organ; and Dr. Gall sought for men distinguished for this power, in order to verify the discovery. He repaired to the Councillor Mantelli, whose favorite occupation was to invent and solve problems in mathematics, and particularly in arithmetic, and found the same configuration in him. He next went to Baron Vega, author of Tables of Logarithms, at that time Professor of Mathematics, and who, in every other talent, "était un homme fort médiocre," and found in him the same form of head. He then visited private families and schools, and desired the children distinguished for ability in calculation to be pointed out to him; and still the same developement recurred. He therefore felt himself constrained to admit a special organ and faculty for this talent.

The organ, when large, fills up the head outside of the external angle of the eye, a very little below the point called the external angular process of the frontal bone.

The special function of the faculty seems to be calculation in general. Dr. Gall calls it "Le sens des nombres;" and, while he states distinctly that arithmetic is its chief sphere, he regards it as also the organ of mathematics. Dr. Spurzheim, on the other hand, limits its functions to arithmetic, algebra, and logarithms; and is of opinion that the other branches of mathematics, as geometry, &c. are not the simple results of this faculty. In this analysis he appears to me to be well founded. Mr. George Bidder, when only seven years of age, and without any previous instruction, showed an extraordinary talent for mental calculation; and I have seen him, when only eleven, answer the most complicated questions in algebra, in a minute, or a minute and a half, without the aid of notation. When he first came to Edinburgh, and before I had seen him, a gentleman waited on me, accompanied by three boys of nearly equal ages, and said, "One of these is George Bidder, the celebrated mental calculator, can you tell which is he by his head?" On examining the organ of Number in all of them, I replied that one of them ought to be decidedly deficient in arithmetical talent; that another should possess it in a considerable degree; but that the third must be Bidder, because, in him, the organ was developed to an extraordinary extent. The gentleman then stated that the indications were perfectly correct; that the first was a boy who had been remarked as dull in his arithmetical studies; the second was the most expert calculator selected from a school in Edinburgh; and the third was Bidder. Dr. Gall mentions a similar experiment which was tried with him, and with the same result. He gives a detailed account of Zerah Colburn, the American youth who exhibited great talents for calculation, and in whom also the organ was found large. This young man visited Edinburgh, and afforded the phrenologists of this city an opportunity of verifying Dr. Gall's observations, which were found to be correct. Masks of him and Bidder were taken, and now form

part of the Phrenological Society's collection. These two examples, however, prove that Dr. Spurzheim is right in limiting the function of this faculty to calculation of numbers; as neither of these young men have proved so eminent in geometry as in arithmetic and algebra. The organ is large also in the mask of Humboldt, celebrated for his powers of calculation. This organ, and Individuality, both large, give the talent of recollecting dates.

I am acquainted with other individuals in whom this organ is deficient, and who experience great difficulty in solving the most ordinary arithmetical questions, who, indeed, have never been able to learn the multiplication table, or to perform readily common addition and substraction, even after persevering efforts to attain expertness. This organ is small in the mask marked "French M. D.; " and it serves as a contrast, in this respect, to those just mentioned, in which it is large.

Dr. Gall observes, that when this organ predominates in an individual, all his faculties receive an impression from it. He knew a physician in whom it was very large, who labored to reduce the study of medicine, and even the virtue of particular medicaments, to mathematical principles; and one of his friends, thus endowed, endeavored to found an universal language on similar grounds.

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Dr. Spurzheim mentions, that "certain races of Negroes make five the extent of their enumeration, that is, they count only as far as five by simple terms; they say, "five-one, five-two, five-three,” &c. Negroes in general," he continues, "do not excel in arithmetic and numbers; and, accordingly, their heads are narrow in the seat of the organ of Number." Humboldt also mentions that the Chaymas (a people in the Spanish parts of South America) "have great difficulty in comprehending any thing that belongs to numerical relations ;" and that "the more intelligent count in Spanish with an air that denotes a great effort of mind, so far as 30, or perhaps 50;" and he adds, that "the corner of the eye is sensibly raised up towards the temple."

Dr. Gall mentions, that two of his acquaintances felt pain in the region of this organ, after being occupied for several days in suc

cession with difficult calculations. In the Hospital of Vienna, he saw a patient whose insanity degenerated into idiocy, but who nevertheless occupied himself solely with counting. He stopped, however, regularly at ninety-nine; could never be induced to say one hundred, and recommenced counting at one. M. L. A. Gælis, in his Treatise on Acute and Chronic Hydrocephalus, mentions the case of a boy, who, though stupid in every other respect, still manifested, in his twelfth year, an astonishing memory for numbers, and a strong feeling of Benevolence; which qualities, however, he adds, disappeared in proportion as his malady, hydrocephalus, increased.

It seems difficult to determine whether this faculty exists in the lower animals or not. George Le Roy states from observation, that magpies count three; while Dupont de Nemours asserts that they count nine: Dr. Gall does not decide the question. The organ is established.

29.-ORDER.

ORDER supposes a plurality of objects; but one may have ideas about a number of things and their qualities, without considering them in any order whatever. Every arrangement of external articles is not equally agreeable to the mind; and the disposition to be delighted with order, and distressed by disorder, is not in proportion to the endowment of any other faculty. There are individuals who are martyrs to the love of order, who are distressed beyond measure by the sight of confusion, and highly satisfied when every thing is well arranged. These persons have the organ in question large. The sort of arrangement, however, prompted by this faculty, is different from, although perhaps one element in, that philosophical method which is the result of the perception of the relations of things. The faculty of which we here speak, gives method and order in arranging objects, as they are physically related; but philosophical or logical inferences, the conception of

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