dians grow-just grow, as Topsy thought she did.

But it is not so;

they have sore eyes and bad tempers; they wake up in the night with lusty yells and the colic; they have fits; they raise riots when cutting their teeth; and they are just as much petted and just as mischievous as our own.

The mothers of Pocahontas and Red Jacket worried over them with just as much earnestness as, perhaps, did the maternal progenitor of George Washington, while quite as much paternal supervision was given, doubtless, to one as to the other. When the question of love and tenderness alone is mooted, then should it be said without hesitation that the baby born to-day in the shadow and smoke of savage life is as carefully cherished as the little stranger that may appear here simultaneously with it, amid all the surroundings of civilized wealth; and the difference between them does not commence to show itself until they have reached that age where the mind begins to feed and reason upon what it sees, hears, feels and tastes; then the gulf yawns between our baby and the Indian's; the latter stands still, while the former is ever moving onward and upward.

The love of an Indian mother for her child is made plain to us by the care and labor which she often expends upon the cradle. The choicest production of her skill in grass and woolen weaving, the neatest needlework and the richest bead embroidery that she can devise and bestow, are lavished upon the quaint-looking cribs which savage mothers nurse and carry their little ones around in. This cradle, though varying in minor details, is essentially the same thing, no matter where it is found, between the Indians of Alaska and those far to the south, in Mexico. The Esquimaux are the exception, however, for they use no cradle whatever, carrying their infants snugly ensconced in the hoods to their parkies and otto-fur jumpers. The governing principle of a pappoose cradle is an unyielding board, upon which the baby can be firmly lashed at full length on its back.

This board is usually covered by softly dressed buckskin, with flaps and pouches in which to envelop the baby; other tribes, not rich or fortunate enough to procure this material, have recourse to a neat combination of shrub-wood poles, reed splints, grass matting, and the soft and fragrant ribbons of the bass or linden tree bark. Sweet grass is used here as a bed for the youngster's tender back, or else clean, dry moss plucked from the bended limbs of the swamp firs; then, with buckskin thongs or cords of plaited grass, the baby is bound down tight and secure, for any and every disposition that its mother may see fit to make of it for the next day or two.

Indian babies, as a rule, are not kept in their cradles more than twenty to twenty-four consecutive hours at any one time; they are usually unlimbered for an hour or two every day, and allowed to roll and tumble at will on the blanket, or in the grass or sand if the sun shines warm and bright. But this liberty is always conditional upon their good behavior when free, for the moment the

baby begins to fret or whimper, the mother claps it back into the cradle, where it rests with emphasis, for it can there move nothing save its head; but so far from disliking these rigid couches, the babies actually sleep better in them than when free, and positively cry to be returned to them when neglected and left longer than usual at liberty. This fact is certainly an amusing instance of the force of habit.

When the pappoose is put away in its cradle, the mother has little or no more concern with it, other than to keep within sight or hearing. If she is engaged about the wigwam or in the village, she stands it up in the lodge corner or hangs it to some convenient tree, taking it down at irregular intervals to nurse. When she retires at night, the baby is brought and suspended at some point within easy reaching; if the baby is ill, it is kept at her side, or she sits up all night in the most orthodox fashion. When the women leave the village on any errand, such as going to the mountains for berries or to the River canyon for fish, the cradles with the babies therein are slung upon the mothers' backs, and carried, no matter how far, how rough the road, or how dismal the weather.

Indian babies are born subject to all the ills that baby flesh is heir to, but with this great difference between them and ours when sick they are either killed or cured without delay. This does not happen, however, from sinister motives; it is not done to avoid the irksome care of a sickly, puny child; it is not the result of lack of natural love for offspring not any or all of these; it is due to their wonderful "medicine," their fearful system of incantation.

A pappoose becomes ill; it refuses to eat or be comforted; and after several days and nights of anxious, tender endeavor to relieve her child, the mother begins to fear the worst, and growing thoroughly alarmed, she at last sends for the "shaman," or a doctress of the tribe, and surrenders her babe to his or her merciless hands. This shaman at once sets up over the wretched youngster a steady howling, and then anon a whispering conjuration, shaking a hideous rattle or burning wisps of grass around the cradle. This is kept up night and day until the baby rallies or dies, one doctor relieving the other until the end is attained, and that result is death nine times out of ten.

Nature had now ordained that the time had come for the hunter to give his place here to the agriculturist. She had been too lavish in the distribution of natural advantages to leave it longer in the possession of barbarians, who had, throughout their generations, refused to cultivate its rich soil, or develop its mineral resources. She directed the immigrant to the spot which his labor was to convert into another Eden, gave him a fertile soil, sparkling streams, and beautiful forests for his courage, and ordained that he who labored should dwell there and prosper.

THE AMERICAN PIONEERS.

G. P. Adams, W. E. Aldrich and R. H. Anderson were among the early settlers, but the dates of their arrivals are not given.

Norman Allen, born at Whiting, Vt., Dec. 4, 1804; moved to Leoni in May, 1833, where he kept a hostelry equi-distant from Leoni and Jackson. His nearest neighbors were two and one-half miles distant, and so desolate was the location that in 1837 he resolved to remove to the village of Jackson. Mr. Allen entered commercial life in the village, and had a share in building up its prosperity.

Hiram Archer arrived in the State when only eight years old. He was born at Carlton, N. Y., Oct. 2, 1829, and settled at Henrietta March 4, 1837.

Aaron K. Austin, born Aug. 1, 1807, at Skaneateles, N. Y.; arrived at Ann Arbor Sept. 20, 1828, and now of Norvell, states that "by the change in the name of townships I have lived in five, although I have not removed, except moving from a ‘loghouse' into a 'frame house.””

Z. M. Barber was born at Royalton, Niagara Co., N. Y., Sept. 18, 1816, and 15 years later, or in September, 1831, moved to Leoni.

Daniel O. Barnard, born at Stamford, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1816; moved to Jackson Oct. 25, 1837.

Lucien B. Beardsley was born at Brighton, N. Y., July 31, 1817, and moved to Jackson in September, 1838. The city of Rochester now covers the site of his birth-place.

Mary Ann Beardsley was born at Greece, N. Y., April 19, 1819, and arrived at Jackson in 1856.

Alonzo Bennett, born at Exeter, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1817, and settled in Jackson Oct. 7, 1836.

Abram V. Berry was born in Oneida county, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1804. Moving westward, he arrived at Jackson Nov. 8, 1841; engaged in mercantile pursuits; was President of the Jackson Iron Company; explored the northern shore of Lake Superior, and made a location at Marquette for the reduction of iron ore.

Dur

ing 1845-46, he made several copper locations. Previous to his coming West in 1841, he held a high position in the 157th N. Y. Infantry, and in this State was promoted from the captaincy of the first regular militia company of Jackson county to a major-generalship.

James T. Berry, born at Frankfort, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1840; moved to Jackson Nov. 8, 1841. Though only 40 years old, this man may be considered an old settler in the truest sense of the word. During the war for the Union he served in 70 battles and was twice wounded.

E. P. Biding, Zera Boynton and George Bunker are all old settlers and members of the Pioneer Society.

Lewis Brown and W. N. Buck arrived in the county in 1835 and 1838 respectively.

Joab Bigelow, born at Guilford, Vt., Oct. 23, 1795; moved to Concord in October, 1836.

Josiah Bigelow was born May 22, 1825, at Batavia, N. Y., and moved to Hanover, this county, April 24, 1836.

Henry H. Bingham was born Jan. 7, 1814, at Camillus, N. Y., and at the age of 24 years settled in Leoni township, May 8, 1838. His grandfathers served in many battles of the Revolution.

Giles Bloomfield, born April 17, 1808, at Warren, N. Y.; moved to Sandstone, this county, June 2, 1836.

C. V. Bockoven was born at Lyons, N. Y., Jan. 30, 1818, and moved to Jackson Nov. 1, 1838.

Mrs. Bolton, widow of Gen. A. F. Bolton, came to reside in Napoleon as early as 1832.

Richmond Briggs settled in this county in February, 1833.

Benjamin Bullock, born March 18, 1804, at Otsego, N. Y.; moved to Unadilla, Livingston Co., Oct. 12, 1840, and thence to Jackson in September, 1861.

B. L. Carlton, an honorary member of the Pioneer Society, and editor of the Jackson Patriot, was born at Wyoming, N. Y., June 3, 1839; came to Berrien county in September, 1855, and two years later changed to Jackson.

Jacob V. Carmer was born Oct. 5, 1802, at Orange, N. J., and in September, 1845, migrated West, when he settled in Napoleon.

F. W. Carr, born Jan. 30, 1818, at Lubec, Maine; settled in Jackson village Nov. 19, 1843.

Elihu Cooley became a resident of Jackson in 1852.

Mrs. Betsy M. Case was born Aug. 21, 1810, and immigrated to Michigan with her husband, next mentioned.

Morgan Case was born at Hartford, N. J., March 16, 1807, and settled at Napoleon Oct. 13, 1832.

Wilson Chaffee, Josiah Cole, A. D. Clark, Benjamin Champlin and Jonathan Cady came at an early period in the history of the county.

Mrs. Elizabeth Chamberlain, born at Bristol, N. Y., December, 1816; moved with her husband, R. W. Chamberlain, to this county in April, 1836.

R. W. Chamberlain, of Livonia, N. Y., was born Jan. 2, 1813, and removed to Jackson April 1, 1836.

Erastus Champlin, born at Lyme, Conn., March 30, 1803; moved west to Jackson village in May, 1836, and ultimately settled in Columbia township.

Lorenzo M. Chanter was born on the island of Malta, Mediterranean sea, Sept. 8, 1811, and by gradual advances found himself in Blackman township June 1, 1836.

David Chapel, born at Salem, Conn., March 4, 1804; moved to Spring Arbor Dec. 1, 1832, and ultimately took up his residence in Parma village.

L. D. Chapel was born in Canada Nov. 4, 1811; settled at Sandstone in May, 1836, and subsequently took up his residence at Parma.

Sarah Ann Chapman was born in Jackson, Mich., Nov. 3, 1830. She was the first white child born in Jackson county; married Albert T. Putnam at an early age, and died in the village of her nativity April 5, 1880, having lived through almost half a

century.

William Clapp, born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., June 4, 1805; moved to Hanover, Jackson Co., in August, 1837, and has been a resident of 43 years' standing.

Ossian H. Cobb, born at Charlotte, Vt., Oct. 12, 1816; arrived in Jackson village in October, 1837.

George Cogswell, born Dec. 30, 1822, at Caldwell, N. Y.; migrated West with his brother John, and settled at Spring Arbor in 1837.

John Cogswell, born June 17, 1833, in Ticonderoga, N. Y.; came to Bedford, Wayne Co., in October, 1834; the same year changed to Concord, this county, and subsequently settled at Spring Arbor, in

1837.

Mrs. Huldah Colby, born at Royalton, N. Y., May 8, 1818; moved with her relatives to Jackson June 20, 1832.

E. W. Comstock, born Nov. 7, 1807, at Montville, Conn.; moved to Springport Oct. 19, 1838, and with few intermissions has resided in his adopted village.

Addison P. Cook was born at Berne, N. Y., July 16, 1817, and at the age of 21 migrated West, settling at Brooklyn, this county, Aug. 16, 1838.

Charlotte A. Cook was born at New Baltimore, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1819, and came to Brooklyn Sept. 16, 1846.

Samuel W. Cooper, born at Rutland, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1816; migrated to Sylvan, Washtenaw Co., May 3, 1838, and two years later adopted Grass Lake as his home.

I. C. Corwin, born at Ithaca, N. Y., March 10, 1818; moved West in 1836, and settled in Leoni, changing his residence subsequently to Parma village.

Henry J. Crego was born at Mustead, N. Y., and moving West settled at Columbia July, 1835, subsequently changing to Lib

erty.

William S. Crego, born at Mustead, N. Y., April 26, 1816; moved to Columbia June 21, 1835, and to Liberty subsequently. John Curtiss, born Aug. 19, 1800, at Onondaga, N. Y., and arrived in Napoleon May 3, 1837. His reminiscences of those times are not without interest. He states: "I first lived in a log house, owned by Traper, in the town of Columbia; built a fire by the side of a stump for the purpose of cooking; bought in town of Napoleon, now Norvell, and moved there in August, 1837. I built a log house and used loose boards for the floor. The wolves howled round during the nights. Some Indians came in the door-yard one night, and my dog attacked them;-they had a battle. It was the last I saw of my dog in any shape. It was very dark and I could not see them.”