II. He stands for the Revolution. A. His election by the people. 2. Code Napoleon. C. Proclaims Republics. 1. Italian. 2. Swiss. 3. Dutch. III. Employs methods of the ancient regime, B. Seizes territory. 1. Does not ask the consent of the governed. 2. Treats conquered states as subjects. a. Gives king to Spain. b. Limits the size of Prussian army. C. Use of titles. 1. His brothers kings. 2. He is surrounded by a nobility. IV. Gain to France. A. B. Order at home. Increase of territory. 1. Reaches the Rhine. 2. Territory beyond that subject to France. 3. Equal in extent to the territory of Charle magne. 4. End of the Holy Roman Empire. V. Foundation of his power. A. The army. 1. Especially the officers. 2. And for a long time the soldiers. B. All classes that had gained by the revolution and by the improved government. VI. Causes of his fall. A. European reaction. 1. Growth of national feeling. a. Spain. b. Russia. c. Prussia. 2. Union of the powers. B. Exhaustion of France. VII. Reorganization of Europe. A. Reaction against the revolution. 1. Map of Europe reconstructed. 2. In the interest of the ancient regime. a. b. Partition of Poland confirmed. B. The Holy Alliance. 1. A league for self-protection. a. Against the revolutionary spirit. DISTRIBUTION OF TIME. FIRST WEEK.-Monday and Tuesday, questions on pages 479, 480; Wednesday, questions on page 484; Thursday, questions on page 490; Friday, outline. THE REFERENCE LIST. Not much source material in English is to be had for this period. Arthur Young's travels in France contain much valuable information upon the first year of the Revolution. The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, published by Charles Scribner's Sons, is the work of a man who, having taken part in one revolution in this country, crossed the ocean to become a spectator of a second. Morris' criticism of the movement of the revolution is exceedingly valuable. Some very important extracts upon the Revolution, taken from the sources, will be found in the publications of the University of Pennsylvania. On the period of Napoleon, a cheap edition of the memoirs of Bourrienne, published by Crowell and Company, is accessible to all readers. We have numberless narratives in English dealing with the Revolution and with Napoleon. The best short sketch of the Revolution is by Miss Gardiner, published by Longman, Green & Co. The larger works by Mignet & Thiers are to be had in English translation in the Bohn library. Taine's volumes upon the Revolution and the famous work of Von Sybel have also been translated. Two good short works, dealing with Napoleon from opposite points of view, are the unfavorable view by John Robert Seely, published by Roberts Brothers and the favorable view by J. C. Ropes, published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The Life of Napoleon by Sloan that appeared in the Century during the years '95 and '96 is especially valuable on account of its illustrations. The reprint of it in book form is even better than the magazine work, the beauty of the illustrations being increased by the employment of color. The Secret Court Memoirs, printed by the Grolier Society of Boston, cast a flood of light upon the society of the revolution and the empire, but in their present form are too expensive to be placed in the school library. The teacher that can read French will have no difficulty in finding an abundance of material for her own use which may be translated for the use of her class. The time has come when the high school teacher, claiming to be prepared to teach European history, must be able to use more languages than her mother tongue. CHAPTER X. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. THE WORK OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. INTERPRETATION OF THE PERIOD. The work of the nineteenth century has been to gather the fruits of the Revolution. It has been characterized by the spread of political liberty throughout Europe and the other continents, expressing itself in the formation of constitutions, in the increased power of the people, and in the decreased power of the monarch. Many monarchies have disappeared, and many of those that still remain are monarchial only in form. This growth of popular government has been naturally and necessarily accompanied by an increased freedom of the press and of speech. Another noteworthy characteristic of our century is the growth of nationality. The consciousness of nationality not only led to the reorganization and popularization of government, but also to the unification of peoples having common traditions and common interests. The results of this movement are already apparent in the unification of Germany and of Italy, and in the struggle of Greece against Turkey. The national idea has not only lead to the unification of peoples of the same race, but has tended to disintegrate peoples of different races, different traditions and interests. This disintegration is illustrated in the separation of Belgium from Holland, of Hungary from Austria, and of the desire of Bohemia and Moravia for a like independence. The Industrial Development. The century is also characterized by marvelous industrial development and a widespread dissatisfaction among the laboring classes, leading to organization, a criticism of existing institutions, and to demands for a reorganization of the industrial and social framework. This industrial development is made possible by great scientific progress, by the utilization of electricity as a motive power, and the increased application of scientific knowledge to all the affairs of life. The dissatisfaction and reconstruction expresses itself, too, in the religious life of the world in a marked revolt against forms and increased emphasis laid upon the spirit of religion. The new religious life is not expressed simply in the pulpit, but finds utterance in a broader Christian sympathy that is drawing the whole world nearer together and tending to realize the brotherhood of man. Growth of the Constitution. Having pointed out the general characteristics of the period, I shall trace rapidly the history of these different movements. And first of all I shall point out the difficulties under which the republics of Europe struggled into existence during the first half of the century. In France, the downfall of Napoleon was followed by the restoration of the monarchy with Louis XVII., the brother of Louis XVI., at its head. The monarchy thus restored was not, however, the absolute monarchy of the ancient régime. For however conservative it was, France now had a constitution, although granted to it by its king. It had a legislative body and had taken on the constitutional form of government, although the power was in the hands of the adherents of the ancient régime, the returned nobles, and the priesthood. Louis XVIII. ruled with moderation, but the reaction became more marked under his succes |