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they shall see them and feel them in all their variety. Let them realize that out of this variegated collection of the sources, they are to form a picture of the period studied.

If time is needed for reviews, this may be saved by cutting out portions of studies or by omitting whole studies here and there. In making these omissions, care should be taken not to destroy the continuity of the historical development. The aim should be to omit details to which time cannot be given. Some of the time thus gained may be devoted to the making of review outlines for oral recitation.

These outlines should be condensed from the preceding outlines, and should cover each time all of the subject that has been studied. For instance, an outline should be made upon the history of Greece, then upon Greece and Rome, and finally, upon Greece, Rome, and the Middle Ages. The longer the period of time treated, the more general should be the treatment.

DISTRIBUTION OF TIME.

On account of lack of space no suggestions were made in the last number of the JOURNAL in reference to the distribution of time. This month that defect will be remedied and divisions of the material will be given, both for the Transition Period and the Early Middle Ages. This distribution of time is, of course, only suggestive, and it may be necessary for the teacher to make corrections.

The Transition to the Middle Ages. (222-286.)

First week-Monday, questions on page 225; Tuesday, questions on page 226 and 227; Wednesday, outline; Thursday, questions on page 231; Friday, questions on page 235.

Second week.-Monday, outline and narrative; Tuesday, questions on page 242; Wednesday, questions on page 246, Thursday, questions on page 249; Friday, outline and narrative.

Third week. Monday, questions on page 255; Tuesday, questions on page 266; Wednesday, questions on page 270, Thursday, questions on page 275; Friday, questions on page 281.

Fourth week.-Monday, outline; Tuesday, narrative; Wednesday, condensed outline from the Barbarians; Thursday, condensed narrative; Friday, condensed outline covering all the work from Greece to page 286. If the teacher is crowded for time, the questions on pages 227, 212, 250, and 284 may be omitted.

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES.

First week.-Monday, questions on page 291, omitting England; Tuesday, questions on page 296; Wednesday, questions on page 299, omitting England; Thursday, half of questions on page 309; Friday, complete pages 309-10.

Second week.-Monday, outline; Tuesday, questions on page 314; Wednesday, questions on page 318; Thursday, questions on page 318 (Crusades); Friday, questions on page 321.

Third week. Monday, outline; Tuesday, questions on page 324; Wednesday, questions on page 329; Thursday, questions on page 335; Friday, outline.

REFERENCE LISTS.

Of the sources referred to above, a number may be found among the Bohn publications and should be added to the library of the teacher or of the school. An abundance of material upon the early Germans may be found in the works of Tacitus-especially in the Germany of Tacitus-scattered through the Gallic wars of Caesar and in the history of Ammianus. derson has given us a most valuable collection of material in his "Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages." Among these are found the "Salic Law," one of the Capitularies of Charlemagne; the "Rule of St. Benedict," sixteen documents upon the

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struggle between the church and the state and other valuable material (this book would be a precious addition to any library); Froissart's Chronicles, either the complete or abridged form; the Chronicles of the Crusades (Bohn); Odericus Vitalis (Bohn) supply an abundance of additional source material. The "Life of Charlemagne" is published by Harper in the “Half Hour Series," for fifteen cents.

The University of Pennsylvania is now publishing in pamphlet form extracts from the sources, and among them are some excellent bits upon the Crusades. These are to be had for ten or fifteen cents a number. In a study upon Mohammed, the Koran is indispensable. A good translation by Sale can be had in a cheap form of almost any book dealer.

Among the narrative texts, the great work on the Middle Ages is that of Gibbon. Freeman, "Chief Periods of European History," has two excellent chapters upon this period, and should be studied carefully after the period has been worked over in detail. Adams, G. B., "Civilization During the Middle Ages," is one of the best popular presentations showing the results of the latest scholarship. Hallam, "Middle Ages," is old, but of use in some parts, yet should constantly be controlled by other works. The two most satisfactory short works, dealing with the period in detail, are Duruy, "History of the Middle Ages," and Emerton, "Introduction to the Middle Ages," and "Medieval Europe," (two volumes). One of the most helpful books in understanding the struggle between church and state is "The Holy Roman Empire," by Bryce. Much inspiration may also be drawn from Kingsley's lectures on the "Roman and The Teuton," while the results of most careful study upon special topics is shown in Stubbs' "Lectures on Medieval and Modern History."

CHAPTER VI.

THE LATER MIDDLE AGES.

THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PERIOD.

Transition to Modern Times.

During the latter part of the Middle Ages the boundaries of christian Europe were slowly shifting. In the southwest the Moors fell back before the Christians of Spain until in 1492, with the fall of Granada, the whole peninsula acknowledged allegiance to the Catholic sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella. In the northeast the German knights won with their swords the territory of Prussia, Kurland, and Livland, and drove the wedge of German colonization into the Slavonic tribes to the east of them. But while the sturdy soldiers of the cross were extending the limits. of Christendom in these directions, the followers of the crescent had not been idle. All Asia Minor was soon in their hands, and, crossing the Hellespont, the Turks made themselves masters of Greece and of the remaining territory south of the Danube. Nearer and nearer to the gates of Vienna swept the victorious armies. Constantinople, sole remnant of the splendor of the Eastern Empire, still maintained itself. after year the tide of Mohammedan invasion swept around it, dashed in vain against its massive walls, and it fell not. Yet at length its time was come, and in 1453, after a glorious defense, it yielded, while a cry of consternation swept over Europe.

Decay of the Papacy.

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But, concerned as Europe was at the downfall of the Eastern Empire, the period of united action seemed past. It was now too thoroughly occupied with what

was passing at home to arm itself against a distant foe. Old problems were still unsettled, and new ones were demanding attention. The Papacy that had overthrown the empire and directed the hosts of Europe during the Crusades had itself grown old and sunk rapidly when it no longer found itself in the face of a foe that called forth all its energies. In England, in France, and in Spain, it bent its head before the young and powerful monarchies, and in Germany itself, torn as it was by the strife of rival claimants to the throne, the Papacy, struggling to retain a foothold, met with frequent rebuffs. Nor was the church a sufferer from external assaults alone; within her own pale there was discord. Rival popes divided the allegiance of the faithful of Christendom, launched against one another the lightenings of excommunication, and thundered. anathemas with a mutual good will. While the heads of the universal church were offering this spectacle to gods and men, the spirit that was to regenerate her, . that was to lead her back to the path from which she had wandered so far, began to make itself felt. Wyclif in England, and later Huss in Bohemia, called loudly for a reform of the church, for a simplification and purification of religion. But the Papacy would none of it, and the same council that was called to restore order in the church, and to reform abuses, condemned to death the Bohemian preacher.

Rise of the Monarchy.

While the church was daily growing weaker, the state was steadily growing stronger. The day of feudalism was past. One by one the fiefs of the great vassals fell into the hands of the king, and, leagued with the cities, he reared the structure of a centralized government on the ruins of an individualized anarchy. The work was silent and rapid, and when Constantinople fell before the Turks in the East, the kingdoms of England, France, and Spain sprang up in the West,

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