occasionally whipped in that State. In 1835 a free negro woman, being guilty of theft, received twenty-one lashes and was sold as a slave for seven years. The whipping of women for larceny and receiving stolen goods ceased to be legal in Delaware in 1855, but it was continued for certain other offenses against morality. The last instance of woman-whipping in the State occurred in 1864. The punishment of the whipping-post for men is still sanctioned by the laws of Delaware, and in 1875 seventeen men were publicly whipped in Newcastle County alone. The history of Ohio tells us that the first punishment decreed for a white man in the State was the whipping of a thief in the Miami settlement, about 1786. From that time until 1815 whipping was the penalty for numerous offenses. Other instances might be given to show how long the statute-books of many States kept these barbarous laws. For instance, when a school for colored girls was opened in Canterbury, Conn., by Miss Prudence Crandall, in 1833, the excitement and opposition of the town was great. A young negro woman who had come to town to attend the school was ordered to leave; and to get rid of her and others an old vagrant law, which had long been a dead letter, was resuscitated. This law required that whipping on the naked body, not exceeding ten stripes, should be inflicted on any person refusing to leave the town after ten days' warning. The girl stayed, however, and the town authorities did not dare to inflict the whipping. Before the year 1860 the whipping-post had been abolished in all of the Northern States. In the Southern States it remained as an incident of slavery, but since the war its use has been rather exceptional than otherwise. In Georgia it has been forbidden by statute, but flogging is still relied upon in some of the StatesVirginia, South Carolina and others-to keep in order petty offenders.

Whisky. The process of distilling liquors from grain is thought to have first been discovered in India, and introduced into Europe by the Moors about 1150. Its use in Ireland dates back to about the same time, but it was not introduced into England until the close of the century. When first made, whisky was used as a medicine; and directions for making usquebaugh, or aqua vitæ, are contained in the "Red Book of Ossory," a volume compiled in the fourteenth century, in which it is described as a panacea for all diseases. The name whisky was at first given by the Scotch Highlanders to the liquor which they distilled from barley only, and had not, until later times, its present more general application. Usquebaugh was a Celtic name for the liquor, from which the word whisky is no doubt derived.

White Cross Movement was instituted in England in 1882 by the Right Rev. J. B. Lightfoot, D. D., Bishop of Durham. Branches of the White Cross army have been established in the United States. The obligations which are undertaken by its members are as follows: 1. To treat all women with respect, and

endeavor to protect them from wrong and degradation. 2. To endeavor to put down all indecent language and coarse jests. 3. To maintain the law of purity as equally binding upon men and women. 4. To endeavor to spread these principles among my companions and try to help my younger brothers. 5. To use every possible means to fulfill the command "Keep thyself pure.' The army originally had a partial connection with the Church of England, but now members of all denominations are included in its membership.

White House Weddings. The first wedding to occur in the White House was that of Miss Todd, a relative by marriage of President Madison. Then, in their order, came the weddings of Elizabeth Tyler, a daughter of President Tyler; John Quincy Adams, Jr.; Miss Easten and Miss Lewis, both during General Jackson's administration; Martha Monroe; Nellie Grant; Emily Platt, a niece of President Hayes; and last, President Cleveland. White Lady.-According to popular legend, the White Lady is a being who appears in many of the castles of German princes and nobles upon the eve of any important event, whether joyful or sad, but particularly when the death of any member of the family is imminent. She is regarded as the ancestress of the race, shows herself always in snow-white garments, carries a bunch of keys at her side, and sometimes rocks and watches over the children at night when their nurses sleep. It was long a common belief in Scotland that many of the chiefs had some kind spirit to watch over the fortunes of their houses. Popular tradition has many well-known legends about white ladies, who generally dwell in forts and mountains as enchanted maidens waiting for deliverThey delight to appear in warm sunshine to poor shepherds or herd-boys. They are either combing their long hair or washing themselves, drying wheat, beating flax or spinning. They also point out treasures and beg for deliverance, offering as reward flowers, corn or chaff, which gifts turn in the instant into silver and gold.

ance.

White Lead, largely used as a paint, is the carbonate of lead. The pig-lead is melted and run into molds, forming what are called buckles," which are shaped like a stove-grate and weigh about a pound each. Iron pots are then taken, which are halffilled with vinegar, and having just above the level of the vinegar projections on the sides, upon which the buckles of lead are placed, not allowing them to touch the liquid. The pots are then stacked up in great numbers in a frame-work which is roofed-in and provided with double walls. They are arranged in layers, with boards and tan between each, and piled up to the height of the building. Beneath them the floor is padded with tanbark, and so are the spaces between the double walls. The whole is then tightly shut in, and the contents of the pots are left to the action of chemical laws. The tan generates heat and makes an oxide of lead, while the carbonic acid which the decomposition of

the tan evolves combines with the oxide and gradually reduces the metal to the carbonate-a beautiful, soft and snow-white substance. This result is accomplished after an interval of ten to fourteen weeks. This powder is then taken to long, revolving screens, through the meshes of which it drops into bins, any uncorroded particles of metal being separated by the screens and returned to the caldrons. The sifted lead is then washed, to deprive it of any free acid, stains or impurities, and ground in water, between heavy burr-millstones, into a pulpy mass. This is then gathered and placed upon drying-pans in the kiln-house, and gives the dry white lead of commerce. This dry lead is kneaded with linseed oil, and the mixture is then ground fine in mills.

Wildcat Banks.-The fraudulent institutions known as wildcat banks were started principally in the West and South after the closing up of the United States Bank and the transfer of its deposits to State banks in 1832. The scarcity of capital in these regions made it comparatively easy to put in circulation anything that purported to be money. Hence, any one with a very limited capital-or, in fact, without any capital at all-could open a bank, issue $10,000 or more in small notes, and pass them over in easy loans to land speculators, who, in their turn, paid them out in country villages and among farmers, where the standing of the bank of issue would necessarily be unknown. Hundreds of these banks were started, and immense amounts of so-called money were loaned to build cities in the wilderness, and to contractors anxious to build railroads without material, tools or means of paying wages. In some cases the real place of issue was, for instance, New Orleans or Buffalo, while the bills purported to be issued and payable in, say, Georgia or Illinois. This method of doing business lasted four years, when the panic of 1837, one of the most painful and prolonged crises in the financial history of the United States, overtook the country. Fortunately this led to the adoption in nearly all the States of such banking laws as rendered similar schemes impossible in the future. These institutions were called wildcat banks, owing to their utter lawlessness and because their victims were "most awfully clawed."

Will is an instrument disposing of property after death. The term is properly limited to an instrument disposing of real estate, and differs from a testament, which provides for the disposition of personal property. Formerly non-cupative or oral wills were allowed, but now they are restricted to the case of soldiers and sailors in emergency. Wills can be made only by persons of "sound and disposing mind," but a liberal rule is applied in determining competency. It is sufficient if the testator has a general idea of what property he has, of what disposition will follow if he makes no will, and of the general effect of the provisions of his will. A monomania in general will not affect his competency. Wills must be written and signed by the testator in the presence of witnesses. The number of witnesses required is regulated by statute, and is

generally three or less. No person made a beneficiary under the will may be a witness. The statutory directions for the making of wills must be strictly complied with. Wills are revoked by the marriage of the testator and the birth of issue, by the making of a subsequent inconsistent will, or by physical destruction of the instrument. A codicil to a will is an addition made at a later time, and must be executed with the same formalities as the will itself.

William and Mary College was established at Williamsburg, Va., in 1693, and next to Harvard College was the oldest institution of learning in America. At its endowment it was placed under the patronage of the King and Queen of Great Britain. The trustees of the Hon. R. Doyle, the English philosopher, who left his personal estate for " charitable and pious uses," presented a great part of it to this college for the education of Indians. During the Revolutionary War the college lost most of its possessions, and its buildings were used by the French troops as a hospital. Among the noted men who were graduated from William and Mary were Presidents Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, Chief Justice Marshall, and General Scott.

Wilmot Proviso was an amendment to a bill appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of certain Mexican territory, and was offered in Congress by Mr. Wilmot, a Democrat, on August 8, 1846. The amendment read "That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty that may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory except for crime, whereof the party shall be duly convicted." The bill passed the House, but failed in the Senate.

Windsor Castle is situated on the right bank of the Thames, twenty-three miles west of London, near the town of Windsor. The royal residence and the buildings connected with it cover twelve acres of ground, and stand in the midst of a park known as "Little Park," which is four miles in circumference, and is connected by a long avenue of trees, south of the Castle, with the "Great Park," which is eighteen miles in circuit. The Castle was founded by William the Conqueror. The original plans were enlarged upon and completed by Henry I, and the Castle was first used as a royal residence about 1110. The history of the existing edifice, however, begins in the reign of Henry III, but it was not until the time of Edward III that all its portions were completed. The buildings may be said to be grouped in three portions--the middle ward containing the Round Tower, which was built by Edward III, in the eighteenth year of his reign, to receive the Round Table of the Knights of the newly formed Order of the Garter; the lower ward, on the west, containing St. George's Chapel, which was begun by Henry III, completed by Edward III, rebuilt by

Henry VII and added to by Cardinal Wolsey, and the houses of the military knights, cloisters, etc.; and the upper ward, on the east, containing the sovereign's private apartments. Some additions were made to the buildings by Henry VIII, and Queen Elizabeth formed the terraces and built the gate now called by her name. The Star building was erected by Charles II. In 1824-28 the Castle was repaired and enlarged, but little alteration has since been made. The park and forest immediately adjoining contain many historical trees-such as Elizabeth's Oak; Shakspeare's Oak; the Long Walk, made in the reign of Charles II; and Queen Anne's Ride of Elms, three miles long. Herne's Oak, rendered so famous by Shakspeare, was blown down in September, 1863, and a stone and a young tree now mark the spot. The oldest planted timber in England-that of the reign of Elizabeth-is also in Windsor Park; and there are many oaks of which it is well-established the age must be 1,000 years. In the royal vaults connected with St. George's Chapel a number of kings and queens are buried.

Wine Production of the World.-The average production of wine in the principal vine-growing countries of the world is as follows: France, 765,175,972 imperial gallons; Algeria, 722,000,000 imperial gallons; Italy, 605,000,000 imperial gallons; Spain, 484,000,000 imperial gallons; Austria-Hungary, 187,000,000 imperial gallons; Portugal, 88,000,000 imperial gallons; Germany, 81,290,000 imperial gallons; Russia, 77,000,000 imperial gallons; Cyprus, 35,200,000 imperial gallons; Switzerland, 28,600,000 imperial gallons; Greece, 28,600,000 imperial gallons; United States, 18,000,000 imperial gallons; Turkey, 22,000,000 imperial gallons; Cape of Good Hope, 15,400,000 imperial gallons; Roumania, 15,400,000 im perial gallons; Servia, 11,000,000 imperial gallons; Australia, 1,933,800 imperial gallons; total, 2,485,599,772 imperial gallons.

Witchcraft. The belief in witchcraft was probably inherited from their pagan forefathers by the early Christians. In 1484 Pope Innocent issued a bull directing the Inquisitors to search out and punish all guilty of such crimes; and in Germany alone, during the following three centuries, more than 10,000 persons were executed in consequence of this bull. Witches were hung in England as late as 1716, and in Scotland until 1722. Thirty thousand persons were sacrificed to this superstition during the 150 years following the reign of Queen Elizabeth. In 1688 four children of John Goodwin, a respectable man in North Boston, were abused by a disreputable Irish woman, and as they immediately afterward began to show strange symptoms, their disorder was attributed to witchcraft, the more so since three Bostonians had already been hung for that offense. It was in Salem, however, where the fanatical excitement attendant upon this superstition was carried to its greatest height in America. The first alleged victims were in the family of Samuel Parris, a clergyman. His daughter, niece and two other girls began to show symptoms like