men, her organized militia, her educated clergy, and her established leadership among the colonies of the north, was ready to stand upon her own feet, with a little practice; and the other colonies, on the Connecticut and on the Sound, had proved themselves from the first to be fit to live by struggle. Massachusetts had even established a college of her own, and was no longer entirely dependent upon the universities at home to supply her clergymen and her gentle folk with an education. The General Court had begun the setting up of a proper school in 1636, had changed the name of Newtown, where the school was to be placed, to Cambridge, in order that it might seem to the ear a more suitable home for it, and, two years later, had called the little college Harvard, in honor of the young clergyman who, dying in their midst (1638), had bequeathed to it his library of two hundred and sixty books and a few hundred pounds, the half of his modest estate. The doughty little commonwealth had already learned in no small degree how to be sufficient unto herself. Only Virginia reaped any sort of direct material benefit from the civil wars. Her people were not Puritans. They were drawn from the general body of Englishmen who believed in the sanctity of the church and of the crown, at the same time that they loved their own lib PETER STUYVESANT nor, Sir William Berkeley, who had come to them by the king's appointment the very year Charles set up his standard at Nottingham (1642). A bluff, outspoken man was Sir William, bringing with him to the rural colony the gallant thoroughbred airs of the court, and standing square to his opinions and traditions. But the frank and genial humor of his ordinary moods gave place to very hot and stubborn passion when he saw how things went against the king at home, and it was he who led the Burgesses in their defiant protests against the revolution. The king's partisans in England, when they saw things grow too hot for them at home, were quick to perceive that Virginia was their natural and safest place of refuge, and her open counties began slowly to fill with exiled cavaliers. It was this new tide of immigration that brought with it, in 1656, Mr. John Washington, to find a home in the new county of Westmoreland. It was the "Northern Neck" in particular, and the whole stretch of rich lands upon the Potomac, that was filled, both now and afterwards, with this new stock out of the mother country. The tide-water counties got a new character with this new infusion of rich blood, and Virginia grew while New England stood still. erty and did not mean to be imposed upon by any man's power, whether in church or state. Perhaps they did not know how much they were attached to the established order of things in England until those days of revolution came; for until then they had been very easygoing in church discipline, and very tolerant indeed of differences of opinion. But when they heard of what was happening over sea in England they knew their own minds very promptly, for they looked upon disloyalty as a thing not to be separated from dishonor. Their Assembly, when they learned of the king's death, flatly declared it an act of treason, the more impudent because brought about under the forms of law, and resolved that it was the right of Charles, the dead monarch's son, to be king in Virginia "and all other of his Majesty's dominions and countries." They were led in their hot defiance by their Gover But it was not safe for Virginia, for all she was so far away, to defy the Puritan government at home; for, the fighting in England over, and the intrigue that centred about the king ended, the Puritan leaders were masters of the kingdom. Even Sir William Berkeley swallowed his mortification and submitted when an armed frigate came into the river (1652) with commissioners on board, whose orders were to reduce Virginia to obedience to the commonwealth, and who had the prom- over sea. beer went down with as keen a relish as the rich man's wine. The rough disorderly ways of the early days of settlement were past, and were beginning to be forgotten now. Virginia had acquired some of the sober dignity and quiet of a settled commonwealth. Her clergy had often, at first, been as rough fellows as those not of the cloth, who came to Virginia to have leave to live as they pleased, and had been no help to religion; but now men of a better sort began to rule in her churches, and to sweeten her life with true piety. She could fare very well upon her own resources, whether in church or state. In Maryland, her neighbor, things wore a much harder face because of the revolution. The Parliament's commissioners were friends of Virginia, and had dealt very lightly with her, 88 illam Berkebog She was very well able to take care of herself. Her twelve good counties held fifteen thousand thrifty English people, and more, a great many, were being added now that ships were fast coming in full of the fugitive friends of the king. Twenty thousand cattle grazed upon the broad pastures which sloped green to the margins of the rivers, as well as great flocks of sheep, and, in the deep woods, swine without number. Ships passed constantly in and out at the rivers, from Boston and New Amsterdam, as well as from London and Bristol, and the home ports of Holland. Though many in the colony ate from rich plate and were wealthy, the well-todo were not much better off than the humble, after all, for no man needed to be very poor where there was such abundance for all. It was a democratic place enough, and the poor man's small Signature Of Sir William Berkeley but they felt no kindness for Maryland. Before their coming the little province had had its own taste of war. In 1644 William Clayborne, seeing his opportunity, had seized Kent Island again, from which Lord Baltimore had driven him at the first setting up of his government; and that same year one Richard Ingle, who was little better than an impudent buccaneer, had actually drawn together an armed force of lawless men and seized St. Mary's itself. It was close upon two years before he was driven out, and by that time he had stripped the people and the place of everything he could conveniently manage to send away and sell. And then, six years later (1652), the Parliamentary commissioners came, and William Clayborne was one of them. At first they thought it best to make the same moderate use of their power in Maryland that they had made of it in Virginia, and simply confirmed its government as it stood, content that it should be conducted in the name of the commonwealth in England; but they thought themselves warranted in keep ing their authority under their commission from the Parliament, and two years later asserted it again to effect a revolution, because they saw the Proprietor likely to regain control of his province. They assisted (1654) to put the government of the colony into the hands of a group of Puritans who had made a settlement there, and for a time, -until Cromwell himself intervened to give Lord Baltimore his rights again,the distracted province was ruled very rigorously by this masterful minority. The Puritans who were thus made masters had most of them come out of Virginia. For a little while they had maintained their congregations almost unnoticed in Virginia, in the quiet lower counties below the river and near the Bay; but Berkeley had driven them out when he grew hot against the Puritan revolutionists in England, and they had made a new home for themselves in tolerant Maryland, where not only custom, but a formal Act of Toleration, drawn by the Proprietor's own hand, made them safe against molestation. They did not use their own power gently, however, when the Parliamentary commissioners gave them control of the government of the colony; and called together an Assembly of their partisans to support them. They repealed the Act of Toleration, and no more suffered any man to differ with them than Laud had permitted Englishmen at home to differ with him before the revolution, or than the Puritan Parliament had tolerated dissent from its purposes since. For three years they had their own way in all things, and the province was no better off for their handling when the courts in England at last gave it back into Lord Baltimore's hands, in 1657. The new government in England meant to maintain its authority in the colonies and at home no less steadily and effectively than the old government of the king had done, and Cromwell, when he became Lord Protector, proved a more watchful master than Charles had ever been, as well as a more just. But Massachusetts took leave, because it was a government of Puritans and her own friends, to practise a little more openly the independence in the management of her own affairs which she had all along meant and contrived to maintain. She very promptly dropped the oath of allegiance to the king when she heard that the Parliament had broken with him (1643); and now, when the Commission which Parliament itself had set up sought to dictate to her, though it had full authority "to provide for, order, and dispose all things as it saw fit" in the management of the colonies, she boldly declared that she thought it her right to govern herself without interference or appeal, so long as she remained obedient and faithful to the government at home in all things that affected Englishmen everywhere. She took occasion, while things went their new way, to set her own government in order (1644),-between Mr. Pym's death and the day of Marston Moor,-while England was too much distracted to know what sort of government she herself had. The Bay government was not a comfortable government for any man to live under who was not a Puritan. The magistrates stood behind the ministers of the congregations to enforce their judgments in matters of morals, as well as the law's commands in every ordinary matter of government. The discipline of life which was thus imposed upon all alike, of whatever age or estate, made the little commonwealth a model place of steady work and clean living. Nowhere else in the world would you hear so few oaths uttered, or see so few idle or drunk or begging. The magistrates watched the lives and behavior of their people very diligently, and no man who did not live decently and reverently could long escape their punishment or rebuke. The weak and the sensitive suffered very keenly under their rigor, and those who were naturally gay and of high spirits found it very irksome and painful to be always on their guard not to jest too often or amuse themselves overmuch. Sometimes the reason of a high-wrought nature would break down under the burden of stern doctrine and colorless living put upon it by church and state. But the strong and naturally grave men who predominated in the staid towns found it a fine tonic to be so governed, and were confirmed in their strength and self-control. New Haven and Connecticut could |