entity. I think that what I will say in my statement might bear that

out.

I would also like to submit, there is in your folders, I believe, a paper called "Child Abuse," and I will be referring to that.

The Abused Child Unit of Juvenile Division, Los Angeles Police Department, was implemented in January 1974. The purpose of the unit is to investigate cases of child abuse and homicides where it is believed that the parent is the perpetrator of the crime. The types of abuse investigated include physical abuse, sexual abuse, mental abuse, and neglect.

Since 1971, the Los Angeles Police Department statistics show that there has been an increase of 113 percent in the number of reported cases of child abuse. In 1976, there was a total of 737 cases of crime against child reported. This crime against child is sexual molestation of children under the age of 14. This figure does not in any way reflect the total number of children that are abused in this city today. It omits the child annoying. It omits the contributing to the delinquency of a minor. It omits the indecent exposures to children; and it also omits other sexual offenses. One hundred and four of these seven hundred and thirty-seven cases were cases which were investigated by the Abused Child Unit. And once again, I emphasize that we only deal with parentally involved cases.

There is a growing concern with this county, Los Angeles County, by the public health department over the increasing number of cases of gonorrhea of children under the age of 10 years. These concerns, and ours, are over the mandatory reporting law which we have in this State, which indicate that certain agency people must notify either law enforcement, department of social service, or the public health department, in writing and telephonically, when it is believed or suspected that a child may be abused, either sexually, mentally, or physically.

The abuse to children is not only confined to the family, but refers to the abuse of children by anyone, in this particular law. Law enforcement must be one of these agencies to receive reports, just as we would receive reports of gunshot wounds or stabbings.

Difficulties are encountered with the law as to the confidentiality of information. Legislation should be offered to provide children. some protection. The cloak of confidentiality must be removed to permit the reporting of child abuse, without any malice, in favor of the child.

During the investigations of sexually abused minors and murderers of young children it is not uncommon to find evidence of pornographic material in the possession of the perpetrators of the crime. Pornographic evidence of the pedophilia variety has often been noted during our investigations. On one occasion, recently, a suspect confessed his guilt of incest, charging and quoting from passages out of a book on pedophilia. The evidence was subsequently introduced in his court case.

Another situation commonly encountered is that the child molesters will frequently photograph their victims in the nude and in suggestive poses, or sometimes while they are engaged in sexual acts.

No segment-and I emphasize this of this problem of child abuse can be separated. The child abuse-all child abuse is interrelated,

and it stems from the home environment. I submit to you a statistical report which was presented to a subcommittee of the 93d Congress.

I want to emphasize items Nos. 1, 2, and 3. The first one was a synopsis by Dr. James Weston, who stated that he studied 100 juvenile offenders. Eighty percent of these had a history of being neglected or abused as children. And in Denver, Joan Hopkins, from the Juvenile Detention Center, did a study in which she indicated 200 random juveniles in custody for first offenses, 100 juveniles, with the parents not seen. Of these, 72 had a history of abuse.

We can go on, particularly, to No. 3, Rahway State Prison in New Jersey, a study of 100 convicted rapists. Seventy-five percent of these convicted rapists had been prior abused children, and some of them often remembered being brutally sexualized, and tried to repress their memory.

We have looked upon children in the past as property of our parents without rights, without equal protection under the law. These children, all children, must be protected against abuse stemming from within the home and from outside. These children must be secure from exploitation by those who profit financially or otherwise at the expense of children.

The final consideration must be given to the problem of insufficient resources for the treatment of traumatized children. These resources are seriously lacking, and this is nationwide. Also needed is a national file for offenders and victims who are abused. These files would be useful to the agencies concerned with the method-concerned with the protection of children. It is imperative to know the methods of operation of offenders and their movements within this country. I have concluded my statement.

Mr. MILLER. Thank you.

Mr. Martin, if you would go ahead and testify, and then we will ask-the panel will ask questions of both of you on the conclusion of your testimony.

[Prepared statement of Lloyd H. Martin follows:]

PREPARED STATEMENT FOR THE APPEARANCE BY INVESTIGATOR LLOYD H. MARTIN

SEXUALLY EXPLOITED CHILD UNIT, JUVENILE DIVISION, LOS ANGELES POLICE

Who are the exploited children?

DEPARTMENT

Dr. Judianne Densen-Gerber, a nationally known authority on child abuse, has estimated that as many as 120,000 children in the New York metropolitan area are involved in some type of sexual activity for money. In Los Angeles investigations indicate there are many children similarly involved in this City.

A child who has been sexually abused will frequently turn to prostitution, pornography, narcotics, or other criminal activity, or will be encouraged to engage in this activity by an abusing adult after having outlived his novelty as a sexual partner. A 12-year-old boy in Los Angeles can earn $1,000 per day. Most receive much less, and a pimp will retain 60 percent of what is earned.

The most difficult concept for most people to understand and accept is that, very often, these children are consenting partners in the sexual activity. In some cases they initiate the sexual activity with direct propositions or with seductive behavior. This does not fit the image of an unsuspecting child being lured into a stranger's car with a candy bar and a promise of a trip to the beach. On the contrary, the young victims we are concerned with are usually runaways, reasonably "street-wise", emotionally troubled children who trade themselves for money or for what they interpret as affection. They may appear to be "hustlers", but they are in fact children and victims in the truest sense of the word.

Child exploitation is a nationwide problem

In 1972 a poor-quality pamphlet was published in Hollywood, California, entitled, "Where the Young Ones Are". The pamphlet listed 378 places in 59 cities of 34 states where, 66 the young can be found". Listed were such places as bowling alleys, beaches, arcades, parks and the like. Incredibly, the pamphlet reportedly sold 70,000 copies at $5 per copy.

In New Orleans, a sexual abuse ring was discovered with adult participants and correspondents located in all parts of this country and in several foreign countries. Evidence seized in the investigation included correspondence from approximately 50 adult males living in the Southern California area. That investigation also disclosed a widespread infiltration of adult suspects into all types of national youth groups and youth-oriented organizations.

In Chicago, the investigation of a nationwide prostitution ring involving juveniles disclosed that some of the youthful victims had been recruited in Southern California. Other investigations also indicate there is nationwide mobility, interaction and communication among adults involved in child exploitation. Suspects advertise and establish communication through various publications.

In Los Angeles, juveniles are approached by adults for sexual purposes at amusement arcades, teenage discotheques and other locations where minors congregate. Local and out-of-state runaways flock to widely known locations knowing they can find shelter and money.

Sexually explicit movies and photographs involving exploited juveniles are made in Los Angeles and distributed throughout the world. Thousands of maga- · zines and films are available locally for distribution. Some involve children in sexually explicit acts, while others depict simulated sexual acts and/or obscene nudity.

The use of pornography by the chickenhawk and child molester

The use of pornographic material by the chickenhawks and child molesters is extensive, as evidenced by the ever-increasing volume of such material seized in investigations of sexual exploitation. Corroborating this physical evidence are the statements of the victims who in practically all cases were exposed to pornographic literature.

Since its inception on October 10, 1976, through May 20, 1977, the Sexually Exploited Child Unit conducted over 50 investigations which included interviewing over 150 victims and suspects. In all of these cases, pornographic literature has been abundantly present. It can be concluded that pornography in many forms is extensively used by those who engage in sexual crimes against children. Pornography serves as a method by which the suspect can turn a normal conversation with a juvenile toward a sexual theme. As an example, if a suspect picks up a victim in a vehicle, the suspect may leave a pornographic magazine on the vehicle seat solely to stimulate conversation about sex.

Pornography is also frequently used to sexually stimulate both the suspect and victim as well as to break down inhibitions a victim may have regarding the acts that he or she is expected to commit. The nature of the literature used will correspond to the suspect's sexual inclinations. If the victim displays reluctance to engage in such conduct, the suspect will use the literature as an element of persuasion. He will show the victim the publication and present the argument that if the young boy in the magazine is willing to remove his clothing or orally copulate the penis of another boy, why should not the victim be willing to also do so? If the suspect observes that the victim is not responsive to homosexual literature, he may also use literature depicting young girls. Viewing the young girls may cause the victim to achieve an erection. The chickenhawk will then offer to copulate the victim to fulfill the victim's growing need for sexual gratification. Like the chickenhawk, the child molester directs the victim's attention to the fact that the young girl in the magazine is posing nude and suggests that it is all right for the victim to act similarly.

Photographs as used by the child molester and chickenhawk

Often, personal photographs are taken by or of the suspect which are not generally intended for commercial sale or profit, but rather for the private use and stimulation of the suspect. The act of taking the photographs may be so stimulating to the suspect that it causes him to reach a climax. In all cases investigated by SEC involving the taking of photographs the suspect has molested the victim either before, during, or after the process. In a few cases photographs have been used to threaten exposure of victims who have indicated they may leave the suspect or go to the authorities for help.

Professionally produced pornographic publications

The production of professional pornographic publications depicting youths exposes a minor to hazards as great as those presented by the chickenhawk or child molester who "keeps" a minor for his personal gratification. In almost all cases, the professional photographer of such publications will himself be a child molester or chickenhawk.

Models for pornographic publications are obtained in various ways. The runaway juvenile, alone and without support in a strange city, is a particularly attractive target for these publications. Ads soliciting "kids who have just hit town" appear frequently in underground newspapers. As in the case of the private chickenhawk or child molesting photographer, the professional pornographic photographer will probably molest his victim before, during or after the photographic process. In addition to sexual gratification, the photographer will reap a handsome profit. A pornographic publication that retails for between $7.50 and $12.50 per copy costs between 35 and 50 cents to produce.

Recommendations for additional Federal regulatory action

Male juveniles state they regularly travel from Los Angeles, California to Las Vegas, Nevada with their adult companions for sexual purposes. There is no equivalent of the Mann Act to prohibit this interstate transportation of males for sexual purposes.

Sexual exploitation of children—the investigations continue

When investigators attempt to define the nature and scope of the sexual exploitation of children in this country, they are frustrated by the lack of research and prior investigation in this area. They are operating on the "tip of the iceberg" premise because as the extent of the problem unfolds, they are constantly finding themselves at junctures that present new opportunities for investigation. Of this they are certain: the problem of the sexual exploitation of children manifests itself in various forms and is national in scope.

The material in this handout is intended to illustrate the nature of the problem and to give some indication of its scope. Within the Los Angeles Police Department's Juvenile Division, the Sexually Exploited Child (SEC) Unit daily investigates the problem. Their investigations formed the basis for the information in this handout. As the investigations continue it becomes clear that the "iceberg" is a massive one, indeed.

Mr. MARTIN. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, first of all I would like to thank you for inviting me here this morning, and I am required to tell you under the California Penal Code that I have a couple of magazines that I am going to show you, under the authority of 311.8. If you would be offended by this material I will just ask you to close your eyes, or not look at it.

Senator Birch Bayh reported, annually in the Nation we have 1 million runaways. I have got a question for the committee as to how these runaways survive, how they obtain the necessities of life, the food, money, clothing and shelter that we all need and have to have.

I am going to tell you, in my opinion, how the majority of them survive. That is either by pulling up their dress, or pulling down their pants.

A lot of talk this morning has been about pornography, but pornography is really only a very small—well, let me correct that. Pornography is only a portion of the real sexual exploitation of children. Children are sexually exploited by the child molester, which I will term as a pedophile, an adult who receives his sexual gratification from young girls, and also by a pederast, a chickenhawk, an adult male who receives his sexual gratification from little boys.

They are also done through pimps, model agents, and through the producers and distributors of pornography.

Chief Gates gave the terminology of 30,000 children in the city of Los Angeles being sexually exploited, and he made the statement that

this was probably conservative, and I agree. Now, these are not the figures of the Los Angeles Police Department, but, instead, these are the figures of the victims and the suspects involved in the sexual exploitation of our children.

There are two things, in my opinion, that causes a child to be sexually exploited, two things that he or she is looking for that causes him to leave home, and those two things are attention and affection. These are probably the two key words of where we all as parents sometime fail to meet the desires of our children.

And keeping in mind the attention and affection syndrome, this is how most children are sexually exploited. The chickenhawk and the child molesters show the child this attention and affection, and sex is just a part of the real attention and affection shown by these people.

Where do you find the sexually exploited child? Gentlemen, you find this child anyplace the children congregate, at arcades, coffee shops, beach areas; anyplace your children and my children go, so goes the child molester and the chickenhawk.

In 1972, Quick Press International put out this publication, "Where the Young Ones Are," and that is exactly what it is. I can't-it lists over 39 different States all across the Nation, and cities within those States, of where you find young people.

I know that the locations listed in Los Angeles are correct, and I assume that the locations listed all across the Nation are the same. This little magazine, just simply typewritten pages, different colors, names of locations, addresses and telephone numbers, reportedly sold 70,000 copies at $5 apiece. So you can see the profit just in this one publication.

It is not uncommon in Los Angeles to go down to the bus station at Sixth and Los Angeles Street and watch a young boy or a young girl get off the bus, suitcase in her hand, looking up at the sky and saying, Gee, I am in Los Angeles.

It is also not uncommon to see five or six adults eagerly pursuing this child to offer them those two key things, attention and affection, the necessities of life.

I want to talk a little bit about prostitution as a form of sexual exploitation. A 12-year-old boy in the city of Los Angeles, with the proper pimp, can earn $1,000 a day. Talking about Federal legislation in this area, I am sure all of you are very much aware of where we could get some help, and that is the Mann Act. The Mann Act only covers females, and it is my opinion that there is as many males going across State lines for prostitution as there are females.

Another case that came to my attention that I think is important to the committee. It started out when the boy was 9 years old living with his parents. A 45-year-old adult became friends of the family and a friend of this young boy. The man came by on the weekends, would take this young boy camping, or to different amusement parks.

After about the third or fourth trip, the family decided that, well, if Mr. Jones has so much interest in our young boy, then why don't we obtain a little monetary gain from this, that of which they did. They leased this boy on a weekly basis, on the weekends, for the camping trips, for the trips to the amusement center.

After approximately 2 years of this leasing, the child-or the adult. I should say, became so infatuated with this young boy, he decided