vice." But this divine Providence was far different from the stern and all-controlling necessity, the inexorable fatalism, of the Stoic system. While the moral value of human action was recognized by the solemn retributive judgment to be passed on all mankind, the dignity of Stoic virtue was lowered by the general demand of repentance. The perfect man, the moral king, was deposed, as it were, and abased to the general level; he had to learn new lessons in the school of Christ, lessons of humility and conscious deficiency, the most directly opposed to the principles and the sentiments of his philosophy. The great Christian doctrine of the resurrection closed the speech of Paul. The History of Christianity. GEORGE TICKNOR, LL.D., born at Boston, Massachusetts. 1791, graduated at Dartmouth College, 1807, admitted to the bar 1813; studied and travelled in Europe, 1815-1819, elected Smith Professor of French and Spanish Literature in Harvard University, 1817, and discharged the duties of this office, 1820-35, and resided in Europe, 1837-40, one of the founders of the Boston Public Library, and, 1864-65, President of the Board of Trustees, died at Boston, January 26, 1871. ever uttered by man. We may contemplate Paul as the representative of Christianity, in the presence, as it were, of the concentrated religion of Greece, and of the spirits, if we may so speak, of Socrates, and Plato, and Zeno. The opening of the apostle's speech is according to those most perfect rules of art which are but the expressions of the general sentiments of nature. It is calm, temperate, conciliatory. It is no fierce denunciation of idolatry, no contemptuous disdain of the prevalent philosophic opinions; it has nothing of the sternness of the ancient Jewish prophet, nor the taunting defiance of the later Christian polemic. Already the religious people of Athens had, unknowingly indeed, worshipped the universal Deity, for they had an altar to the unknown God. The nature, the attributes of this sublime Being, hitherto adored in ignorant and unintelligent homage, he came to unfold. This God rose far above the popular notion; He could not be confined in altar or temple, or represented by any visible image. He was the universal Father of mankind, even of the earth-born Athenians, who boasted that they were of an older race than the other families of man, and coeval with the world itself. He was the fountain of life, which pervaded and sustained the universe; He had assigned their separate dwellings to the separate families of man." Up to a certain point in this higher view of the Supreme Being, the philosopher of the Garden as well as of the Porch might listen with won- Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the der and admiration. It soared, indeed, high History and Criticism of Spanish Literature, above the vulgar religion but in the lofty Camb., 1823, 8vo; Outlines of the Principal and serene Deity, who disdained to dwell in Events in the Life of General Lafayette the earthly temple, and needed nothing from (from N. Amer. Review, Jan. 1825), Bost., the hand of man, the Epicurean might al- 1825, 8vo, Portland, 1825, 8vo, Lond., 1826, most suppose that he heard the language of 8vo, in French, Paris, 1825, 8vo; Remarks his own teacher. But the next sentence, on Changes lately Proposed or Adopted in which asserted the providence of God as the Harvard University. Camb., 1825, 8vo; Reactive creative energy,-as the conservative, port of the Board of Visitors on the United the ruling, the ordaining principle,-anni-States Military Academy at West Point for hilated at once the atomic theory and the government of blind chance, to which Epicurus ascribed the origin and preservation of the universe. "This high and impressive Deity, who dwelt aloof in serene and majestic superiority to all want, was perceptible in some mysterious manner by man; His all-pervading providence comprehended the whole human race; man was in constant union with the Deity, as an offspring with its parent." And still the Stoic might applaud with complacent satisfaction the ardent words of the apostle; he might approve the lofty condemnation of idolatry. We, thus of divine descent, ought to think more nobly of our Universal Father, than to suppose that the godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art or man's de : 1826, 1826, 8vo; The Remains of Nathan Appleton Haven, with a Memoir of his Life, Camb., 1827, 8vo, 2d edit.. Bost., 1828, 8vo; Remarks on the Life and Writings of Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, Phila., 1831, 8vo; Lecture on the Best Methods of Teaching the Living Languages, etc., Bost., 1833, 8vo; Review of Memoirs of the Rev. Joseph Buckminster and the Rev. Joseph Stevens Buckminster (from Chris. Exam., Sept. 1849), Camb., 1849, 8vo; History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1849, 3 vols. 8vo, Lond., 1849, 3 vols. 8vo, 2d Amer. edit., New York, 1854, 3 vols. 8vo, 3d Amer. edit., Corrected and Enlarged, Bost., 1863, 3 vols. 12mo. For notices of translations (into Spanish, Dutch, and French) and reviews of this great work,-by far the best of the kind in Mr. Ticknor subsequently published Life of William Hickling Prescott, Bost., 1864, 4to, Svo, and 12mo, Lond., 1864, 8vo, and contributed notices of Prescott and Edward Everett to Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, 1859, Svo, 1865, 8vo. In early life he wrote papers for The Monthly Anthology and The American Quarterly Review; nor would it become me to omit grateful acknowledgment of his contributions to the articles BYRON, SIR WALTER SCOTT, and RASPE (Munchausen), in Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature. See Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor [partially edited by G. S. Hillard], Bost., 1876, 2 vols. 8vo. THE DEATH OF PRESCOTT. From day to day, after New Year of 1859, he seemed more to miss his old occupations. On the 27th of January, he talked decidedly of beginning again in good earnest on the "History of Philip the Second," and speculated on the question whether, if he should find his physical strength unequal to the needful exertion, he might venture to reinforce it by a freer diet. On the following morning-the fatal day-he talked of it again, as if his mind were made up to the experiment, and as if he were looking to his task as to the opening again of an old and sure mine of content. His sister, Mrs. Dexter, was happily in town making him a visit, and was sitting that forenoon with Mrs. Prescott in a dressing-room, not far from the study where his regular work was always done. He himself, in the early part of the day, was unoccupied, walking about his room for a little exercise; the weather being so bad that none ventured out who could well avoid it. Mr. Kirk, his ever. faithful secretary, was looking_over Sala's lively book about Russia, "A Journey due North," for his own amusement merely, but occasionally reading aloud to Mr. Prescott such portions as he thought peculiarly interesting or pleasant. On one passage, which referred to a former Minister of Russia at Washington, he paused, because neither could recollect the name of the person alluded to; and Mr. Prescott, who did not like to find his memory at fault, went to his wife and sister to see if either of them could recall it for him. After a moment's hesitation, Mrs. Prescott hit upon it; a circumstance which amused him not a little, as she so rarely took an interest in anything connected with public affairs, that he had rather counted upon Mrs. Dexter for the information. he turned away, and, with the merry laugh He snapped his fingers at her, therefore, as so characteristic of his nature, passed out of the room, saying, as he went, “How came you to remember ?" They were the last words she ever heard from his loved lips. After reaching his study, he stepped into an adjoining apartment. While there, Mr. Kirk heard him groan, and, hurrying to him, found him struck with apoplexy and wholly unconscious. This was about halfpast eleven o'clock in the forenoon. He was instantly carried to his chamber. In the shortest possible space of time several medical attendants were at his bedside, and among them-and the chief of them-was his old friend and his father's friend, Dr. Jackson. One of their number, Dr. Minot, brought me the sad intelligence, adding his own auguries, which were of the worst. hastened to the house. What grief and dismay I found there need not be told. saw that the inevitable hour was come. Remedies availed nothing. He never spoke again, never recovered an instant of consciousness, and at half-past two o'clock life passed away without suffering. All He would himself have preferred such a death, if choice had been permitted to him. He had often said so to me and to others; and none will gainsay, that it was a great happiness thus to die, surrounded by all those nearest and dearest to him, except one much-loved son, who was at a distance, and to die, too, with unimpaired faculties, and with affections not only as fresh and true as they had ever been, but which, in his own home and in the innermost circle of his friends, had seemed to grow stronger and more tender to the last. Four days afterwards he was buried; two wishes, however, having first been fulfilled, as he had earnestly desired that they should be. They related wholly to himself, and were as simple and unpretending as he was. From accidental circumstances, he had always entertained a peculiar dread of being buried alive; and he had, therefore, often required that measures should be taken to prevent all possibility of the horrors that might follow such an occurrence. His injunctions were obeyed. Of his absolute death it was not, indeed, permitted to doubt. It had occurred under circumstances which HENRY CHARLES CAREY. had been distinctly foreseen, and by a blow only too obvious, sure, and terrible. But still, as had been promised him, a principal vein was severed, so that, if life should again be wakened, it might ebb silently away without any possible return of consciousness. 407 felt the loss they had sustained, and only for that. And after the simple and solemn religious rites befitting the occasion had been performed [by Mr. Prescott's clergyman, the Rev. Rufus Ellis, pastor of the First Congregational Church in Boston.-Foot-note], they still crowded round the funeral train and through the streets, following, with sadness and awe, the hearse that was bearing from their sight all that remained of one who had been watched not a week before as he trod the same streets in apparent happiness and health. It was a grand and touching tribute to intellectual eminence and per His other request was no less natural and characteristic. He desired that his remains, before they should be deposited in the house appointed for all living, might rest, for a time, in the cherished room where were gathered the intellectual treasures amidst which he had found so much of the happiness of his life. And this wish, too, was fulfilled. Silently, noiselessly, he was car-sonal worth. ried there. Few witnessed the solemn scene, but on those who did, it made an impression not to be forgotten. There he lay, in that rich, fair room,-his manly form neither shrunk nor wasted by disease; the features that had expressed and inspired so much love still hardly touched by the effacing fingers of death,-there he lay, in unmoved, inaccessible peace; and the lettered dead of all ages and climes and countries collected there seemed to look down upon him in their earthly immortality, and claim that his name should hereafter be imperishably associated with theirs. But this was only for a season. At the appointed hour-his family and none else following-he was borne to the church where he was wont to worship. No ceremonies had been arranged for the occasion. There had been no invitations. There was no show. But the church was full, was crowded. The Representatives of the Commonwealth, then in session, had adjourned so as to be present; the members of the Historical Society, whose honoured wish to take official charge of the duties of the occasion had been declined, were there as mourners. The whole community was moved; the poor whom he had befriended; the men of letters with whom he had been associated or whom he had aided; the elevated by place or by fortune, whose distinctions and happiness he had increased by sharing them; they were all there. It was a sorrowful gathering, such as was never before witnessed in this land for the obsequies of any man of letters wholly unconnected, as he had been, with public affairs and the parties or passions of the time;-one who was known to the most of the crowd collected around his bier only by the silent teachings of his printed works. For, of the multitude assembled, few could have known him personally; many of them had never seen him. But all came to mourn. All felt that an honour had been taken from the community and the country. They came because they He was buried with his father and mother, and with the little daughter he had so tenderly loved, in the family tomb under St. Paul's Church; and, as he was laid down beside them, the audible sobs of the friends who filled that gloomy crypt bore witness to their love for his generous and sweet nature, even more than to their admiration for his literary distinctions, or to their sense of the honour he had conferred on his country. Life of William Hickling Prescott, 1864, 4to, 442-446. HENRY CHARLES CAREY, a son of Matthew Carey, and born in Phila- Essay on the Rate of Human Wages, Phila., 1835, 12mo; Principles of Political Economy, Phila., 1837-40, 3 vols. 8vo (published in Italian at Turin and in Swedish at Upsal); The Credit System in France, Great Britain, and the United States, Phila., 1838, 8vo; The Past, the Present, and the Future, Phila., 1848, 8vo (in Swedish, at Stockholm); The Prospect, etc., at the Opening of 1851, 8vo; The Harmony of Interests, Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial, New York, 1852, 8vo, 1856, Svo: Letters on International Copyright, Phila., 1853, 8vo; The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign, Phila., 1853. 12mo, 1862, 12mo; Money: a Lecture, New York, 1857, 8vo, Phila., 1860. 8vo; Letters to the President, on the Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Union, etc., Phila., 1858, Svo (published in Russian); Principles of Social Science, Phila., 1858-59, 3 vols. 8vo (published in German); The French and American Tariffs Compared, Phila., 1861, 8vo; Financial Crises: Their Causes and Effects, Phila., 1863, 8vo; The Unity of Law; as Exhibited in the Relations of Physical, Social, Mental, and Moral Science, Phila., 1872, 8vo. Also pamphlets and papers in periodicals. "Mr. Carey, not only in his own country, but throughout Europe, where his writings have been extensively studied, both in their original language and in translations, is the acknowledged founder and head of a new school of Political Economy. We can only indicate the fundamental difference between his system and that in undisputed supremacy when he began his contributions to social science. This, however, will suffice to show how eminently hopeful, progressive, and democratic are the doctrines which he proclaimed, and with what fulness of significance those who have accepted them are styled the American School."-E. PESHINE SMITH: Allibone's Dictionary of Eng. Lit., i. 339, q. v. Those who desire a convenient compendium of some of the most important of Dr. Carey's views are referred to Manual of Social Science, being a Condensation of the Principles of Social Science" of H. C. Carey, LL.D., by Kate McKean, Phila., 1867, 12mo. Dr. Carey died Oct. 12, 1879. 66 OF SCIENCE AND ITS METHODS. 1. The first man, when he had day after day, even for a single week, witnessed the rising and setting of the sun, and had seen that the former had invariably been accompanied by the presence of light, while the latter had as invariably been followed by its absence, had acquired the first rude elements of positive knowledge, or science. The cause -the sun's rising-being given, it would have been beyond his power to conceive that the effect should not follow. With further observation he learned to remark that at certain seasons of the year the luminary appeared to traverse particular portions of the heavens, and that then it was always warm, and the trees put forth leaves to be followed by fruit; whereas, at others, it appeared to occupy other portions of the heavens, and then the fruit disappeared and the leaves fell, as a prelude to the winter's cold. Here was a further addition to his stock of knowledge, and with it came foresight, and a feeling for the necessity for action. If he would live during the season of cold, he could do so only by preparing for it during the season of heat, a principle as thoroughly understood by the wandering Esquimaux of the shores of the Arctic Ocean, as by the most enlightened and eminent philosopher of Europe or America. Earliest among the ideas of such a man would be those of space, quantity, and form. The sun was obviously very remote, while of the trees some were distant and others were close at hand. The moon was single, while the stars were countless. The tree was tall, while the shrub was short. The hills were high, and tending towards a point, while the plains were low and flat. We have here the most abstract, simple, and obvious of all conceptions. The idea of space is the same, whether we regard the distance between the sun and the stars by which he is surrounded, or that between the mountains and ourselves. So, too, with number and form, which apply as readily to the sands of the sea-shore as to the gigantic trees of the forest, or to the various bodies seen to be moving through the heavens. Next in order would come the desire, or the necessity, for comparing distances, numbers, and magnitude, and the means for this would be at hand in machinery supplied by nature, and always at his command. His finger, or his arm, would supply a measure of magnitude, while his pace would do the same by distance, and the standard with which he would compare the weights would be found in some one among the most ordinary, commodities by which he was sur rounded. In numerous cases, however, distances, velocities, or dimensions, are found to be beyond the reach of direct measurement, and thus is produced a necessity for devising means of comparing distant and unknown quantities with those that being near can be ascertained, and hence arises mathematics, or The Science,—so denomi nated by the Greeks, because to its help was due nearly all the positive knowledge of which they were possessed. The multiplication table enables the ploughman to determine the number of days contained in a given number of weeks, and the merchant to calculate the number of pounds contained in his cargo of cotton. By help of his rule, the carpenter determines the distance between the two ends of the plank on which he works. The soundingline enables the sailor to ascertain the depth of water around his ship, and by help of the barometer the traveller determines the height of the mountain on which he stands. All these are instruments for facilitating the acquisition of knowledge, and such, too, are the formulæ of mathematics, by help of which the philosopher is enabled to determine the magnitude and weight of bodies distant from him millions of millions of miles, and is thus enabled to solve innumerable questions of the highest interest to man. They are the key of science, but are not to be confounded with science itself, although often included in the list of sciences, and even so recently as in M. Comte's well-known work. That such should ever have been the case has been due to the fact that so much of what is really physics is EDWARD EVERETT. discussed under the head of mathematics; as is the case with the great laws for whose discovery we are indebted to Kelper, Galileo, and Newton. That a body impelled by a single force will move in a right line and with a velocity that is invariable, and that action and reaction are equal and opposite, are facts, at the knowledge of which we have arrived in consequence of pursuing a certain mode of investigation; but when obtained, they are purely physical facts, obtained by help of the instrument to which we apply the term mathematics, and which is, to use the words of M. Comte, simply an immense extension of natural logic to a certain order of deductions."-Positive Philosophy, Martineau's Translation, vol. i., 33. Logic is itself, however, but another of the instruments devised by man for enabling him to obtain a knowledge of nature's laws. To his eyes the earth appears to be a plane, and yet he sees the sun rising daily in the east and setting as regularly in the west, from which he might infer that it would always continue so to do, but of this he can feel no certainty until he has satisfied himself why it is that it does so. At one time he sees the sun to be eclipsed, while at another the moon ceases to give light, and he desires to know why such things are,what is the law governing the movements of those bodies; having obtained which he is enabled to predict when they will again cease to give light, and to determine when they must have done so in times that are past. At one moment ice or salt melts; at another gas explodes; and at a third, walls are shattered and cities are hurled to the ground; and he seeks to know why these things are, what is the relation of cause and effect? In the effort to obtain answers to all these questions, he observes and records facts, and these he arranges with a view to deduce from them the laws by virtue of which they occur,-and he invents barometers, thermometers, and other instruments to aid him in his observation,-but the ultimate object of all is that of obtaining an answer to the questions: Why are all these things? Why is it that dew falls on one day and not on another? Why is it that corn grows abundantly in this field and fails altogether in that one? Why is it that coal burns and granite will not? What, in a word, are the laws instituted by the Creator for the government of matter? The answers to these questions constitute science, -and mathematics, logic, and all other of the machinery in use are but instruments used by him for the purpose of obtaining them. Principles of Social Science, Chap. i.: Of Science and its Methods. 409 EDWARD EVERETT, D.C.L., an eminent orator and scholar, born at Dor chester, Massachusetts, 1794; graduated at Harvard University, 1811, and Tutor of Latin there, 1812; ordained a Unitarian minister, 1814, elected Professor of the Greek Language and Literature in Harvard University whilst absent in Europe, in 1815, and on his return, in 1819, entered upon his duties, which terminated in 1825; editor of the N. Amer. Review (to which he contributed in all one hundred and seventeen papers), Jan. 1820 to Oct. 1823; M. C., 1825-35; Governor of Massachusetts, 1836-40; Minister PleniPresident of Harvard University, 1846–49; potentiary to the Court of St. James, 1841-44; Secretary of State of the United States, Nov. 1852-March, 1853; United States Senator, 1853-55; candidate for the Vice-Presidency of the United States, 1860; died at Boston, Jan. 15, 1865. He collected, by means of orations, writings, etc., nearly one hundred Vernon, that the American people might thousand dollars for the purchase of Mount have the home of Washington for a perpetual possession. See A Memorial of Edward Everett from the City of Boston, 1865, roy. 8vo, pp. 315. A Defence of Christianity against the Work of George B. English, Bost., 1814, 12mo; Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions, 1825-36, Boston, 1836, 8vo; Importance of Practical Education: A Selec tion from his Orations and other Discourses [1836, 8vo, supra], New York, 1847, 12mo; Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions from 1826 to 1850, 2d edit., Bost., 1850, 2 vols. 8vo [includes all that were in the edit. of 1836, 8vo], 3d edit., 1853, 2 vols. 8vo, vol. iii. (with Index to vols. i., ii., iii., by S. Austin Allibone), 1859, 8vo, vol. iv., 1868, 8vo; edited The Works of Daniel Webster, with a Prefatory Memoir and Notes, Bost., 1851, 6 vols. 8vo, large paper, r. 8vo. many single Speeches and Orations, collected as above; The Life of General John Stark, Bost., 1834, 16mo (Sparks's Amer. Biog., 1st Series); Tribute to the Memory of Washington Irving, New York, 1860, 12mo; Mount Vernon Papers, New York, 1861, 12mo; Life of Washington, New York, 1860, 12mo. Also "It is true that he has composed no independent historical work, nor ever published any volume of biography more considerable than the excellent memoir of Washington, which he prepared at the suggestion of his friend Lord Macaulay, for the new [sth] edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica [also published separately, New York, 1860, 12mo]. But there is no great epoch-there is hardly a single event of our national or of our colonial history, which he has not carefully depicted and brilliantly illustrated in his occasional discourses. I have sometimes thought that no more attractive or more instructive history of our country could |