Du Haillan asserts, in one of his small works, that Charles VIII. was not the son of Louis XI. This would account for Louis having neglected his education, and always kept him at a distance. Charles VIII. did not resemble Louis XI. either in body or in mind; but dissimilarity between fathers and their children is still less a proof of illegitimacy than resemblance is a proof of the contrary. That Louis XI. hated Charles VIII. brings us to no conclusion; so bad a son might well be a bad father. Though ten Du Haillans should tell me that Charles VIII. sprung from some other than Louis XI., I ought not to believe them implicitly, I think a prudent reader should pronounce as the judges do Pater est is quem nuptiæ demonstrant.†

Did Charles V. intrigue with his sister Margaret, who governed the Low Countries? Was it by her that he had Don John of Austria, the intrepid brother of the prudent Philip II.? We have no more proof of this than we have of the secrets of Charlemagne's bed, who is said to have made free with all his daughters. If the Holy Scriptures did not assure me that Lot's daughters had children by their own father, and Tamar by her father-in-law, I should hesitate to accuse them of it;-one cannot be too discreet.

It has been written that the Duchess De Montpensier bestowed her favours on the monk Jacques Clement, in order to encourage him to assassinate his sovereign. It would have been more politic to have promised them than to have given them. But a fanatical or parricide priest is not incited in this way; heaven is held out to him, and not a woman. His prior Bourgoing had much greater power in determining him to any act, than the greatest beauty upon earth. When he killed the king, he had in his pocket no love-letters, but the stories of Judith and Ehud, quite dog-eared and worn out with thumbing.

* A French historian.-T.

A very convenient axiom under the old French regime, at its height when Voltaire wrote this passage.-T.

Jean Châtel and Ravaillac had no accomplices; their crime was that of the age; their only accomplice was the cry of religion. It has been repeatedly asserted, that Ravaillac had taken a journey to Naples, and that the jesuit Alagona had, in Naples, predicted the death of the king. The jesuits never were prophets: had they been so, they would have foretold their own desti nation; but, on the contrary, they, poor men! always positively declared, that they should endure to the end of time. We should never be too sure of anything.

It is in vain that the jesuit Daniel tells me, in his very dry and very defective History of France, that Henry IV. was a Catholic long before his abjuration. I will rather believe Henry IV. himself than the jesuit Daniel. His letter to La Belle Gabrielle-" C'est demain que je fais le saut perilleux," (To-morrow I take the fatal leap) proves, at least, that something different from Catholicism was still in his heart. Had his great soul been long penetrated by the efficacy of grace, he would perhaps have said to his mistress, "These bishops edify me;" but he says, Ces gens-la m'ennuient (These people weary me.) Are these the words of a good catechumen?

This great man's letters to Corisande d' Andouin, Countess of Grammont, are not a matter of doubt; they still exist in the originals. The author of the Essai sur les Mœurs et l'Esprit des Nations (Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations) gives several of these interesting letters, in which there are the following curious passages. Tous ces empoisonneurs sont tous Papistes.— J'ai découvert un tueur pour moi. Les prêcheurs Romains · prêchent tout-haut qu'il n'y a plus qu'une mort à voir; ils admonestent tout bon Catholique de prendre exemple.— Et vous êtes de cette religion! Si je n'étais Huguenot, je me ferais Turc.* It is difficult, after seeing these tes

"These poisoners are all Papists.-I have discovered an executioner for myself.-The Roman preachers exclaim aloud, that there is only one more death to be looked for; they admonish all good Catholics to profit by the example (of the poisoning of the Prince of Condé.)-And you are of this religion!-If I were not a Hugonot, I would turn Turk."

timonials in Henry IV.'s own hand, to become firmly persuaded that he was a Catholic in his heart.

Another modern historian accuses the Duke of Lerma of the murder of Henry IV. "This," says he, "is the best established opinion." This opinion is evidently the worst established.-It has never been heard of in Spain; and in France, the continuator of De Thou is the only one who has given any credit to these vague and ridiculous suspicions. If the Duke of Lerma, prime minister, employed Ravaillac, he payed him very ill; for when the unfortunate man was seized, he was almost without money. If the Duke of Lermǎ either prompted him or caused him to be prompted to the commission of the act, by the promise of a reward proportioned to the attempt, Ravaillac would assuredly have named both him and his emissaries, if only to revenge himself. He named the Jesuit D'Aubigny, to whom he had only shown a knife-why then should he spare the Duke of Lerma? It is very strange obstinacy not to believe what Ravaillac himself declared when put to the torture. Is a great Spanish family to be insulted without the least shadow of proof?

Et voilà justement comme on écrit l'histoire.

(Yet thus is history written.) The Spanish nation is not accustomed to resort to shameful crimes; and the Spanish grandees have always possessed a generous pride, which has prevented them from acting so basely. If Philip II. set a price on the head of the Prince of Orange, he had, at least, the pretext of punishing a rebellious subject, as the parliament of Paris had when they set fifty thousand crowns on the head of Admiral Coligni, and afterwards on that of Cardinal Mazarin. These political proscriptions partook of the horror of the civil wars; but how can it be supposed that the Duke of Lerma had secret communications with a poor wretch like Ravaillac?

The same author says, that Marshal D'Ancre and his wife were struck, as it were, by a thunderbolt. The truth is, that the one was struck by pistol-balls, and the other burned as a witch. An assassination and a

sentence of death passed on the wife of a marshal of France, an attendant on the queen, as a reputed sorceress, do very little honour either to the chivalry or to the jurisprudence of that day. But I know not why the historian makes use of these words-" If these two wretches were not accomplices in the king's death, they at least deserved the most rigorous chastisement: it is certain that, even during the king's life, Concini and his wife had connections with Spain in opposition to the king's designs."

This is not at all certain, nor is it even likely. They were Florentines; the Grand-Duke of Florence was the first to acknowledge Henry IV., and feared nothing so much as the power of Spain in Italy. Concini and his wife had no influence in the time of Henry IV.; if they intrigued with the court of Madrid, it could only be through the queen, who must, therefore, have betrayed her husband. Besides, let it once more be observed, that we are not at liberty to bring forward such accusations without proofs. What! shall a writer pronounce a defamation from his garret, which the most enlightened judges in the kingdom would tremble to hear in a .court of justice? Why are a marshal of France and his wife, one of the queen's attendants, to be called two wretches? Does Marshal D'Ancre, who raised an army against the rebels at his own expense, merit an epithet suitable only to Ravaillac or Cartouche—to public. robbers or public. calumniators?

It is but too true, that one fanatic is sufficient for the commission of a parricide, without any accomplice. Damiens had none; he repeated four times, in the course of his interrogatory, that he committed his crime solely through a principle of religion. Having been in the way of knowing the convulsionaries, I may say that I have seen twenty of them capable of any act equally horrid, so excessive has been their infatuation. Religion, ill-understood, is a fever, which the smallest occurrence raises to frenzy. It is the property of fanaticism to heat the imagination. When a few sparks from the fire that keeps their superstitious heads aboiling, fall on some violent and wicked spirit-when

some ignorant and furious man thinks he is imitating Phineas, Ehud, Judith, and other such personages, he has more accomplices than he is aware of. Many incite to murder without knowing it. Some individuals drop a few indiscreet and violent words; a servant repeats them, with additions and embellishments; à Châtel, a Ravaillac, or a Damiens listens to them, while they who pronounced them little think what mischief they have done; they are involuntary accomplices, without there having been either plot or instigation. In short, he knows little of the human: mind who does not know that fanaticism renders the popu lace capable of anything.*

The author of the Siêcle de Louis XIV. (Age of Louis the Fourteenth) is the first who has spoken of the MAN IN THE IRON MASK, in any authentic history. He was well acquainted with this circumstance, which is the astonishment of the present age, and will be that of posterity, but which is only too true. He had been deceived respecting the time of the death of this unknown and singularly unfortunate person, who was interred, at the church of St. Paul, 3rd of March, 1703, and not in 1704.

He was first confined at Pignerol, before he was sent to the Isles of Ste. Marguerite, and afterwards to the Bastille, always under the care of the same man, that St. Marc, who saw him die. Father Griffet, a jesuit, has communicated to the public the journal of the Bastille, which certifies the dates. He had no difficulty in obtaining this journal, since he exercised the delicate office of confessor to the prisoners confined in the Bastille.

The Man in the Iron Mask is an enigma, which each one attempts to solve. Some have said that he was the Duke of Beaufort; but the Duke of Beaufort was killed by the Turks in the defence of Candia, in 1669, and the Man in the Iron Mask was at Pignerol in 1662. Besides, how should the Duke of Beaufort have been

*A sound and excellent observation! as the history of every Christian country has more or less evinced.-T. ·