were 2036 men and 3540 women above go years: 540 perfons be ween 100 and 105 years; 57 between 106 and 10; 41 between 111 and 120; a man 122 years old, and a woman 127; ·France exhibits a very different picture; but Dr. Price wifhed to apply the facts relating to the population of Sweden to that kingdom. Sweden is comparatively rich in vegetable and animal productions; and it can boast of the most useful species of the latter, and fome ornamental ones of the former kingdom Its mineral productions are rich and valuable, particularly its iron mines. There is at Saia a mine of ilver; gold is occafionally found: copper, lead, marble, alum, lime-ftone, coals, vitriols, coppery perrifactions, porphyry, amethyst, the load-ftone, ardoife, talc, quickfilver; fulphur and mother of pearl are among the mineral riches of Sweden. The furtace of the ground is varied by hills and mountains, di. vided by arms of the fea, by rivers abounding with fish, by extenfive lakes, and the moft rapid cataracts. But notwithstanding the fulness of his enthulia'm, M. Catteau allows that the fhallows and concealed rocks often prevent the rivers from being navigable. The roads in Sweden are firm, wide, and good, they proceed in a ferpentine direction, and abound with the moft picturefque views. The eye delights in retling on gloomy maffes of rocks, rifing from a beautiful meadow; on obfcure rich woods, through which you can discover fields and flocks; peaceful huts refting again fandy hills, on the tops of which the wind bends fome fcattered firs. From the top of a hill the traveller difcovers a liquid plain, which reflects the trees of the furrounding forests. He may think himself for a moment buried in a gloomy wood, but the profpect foon changes, the horizon extends, he perceives villages, gardens, fields, cultivated by the robuft hands of healthy vigorous labourers. Such is our author's animated eager language: it will be evident from this fpecimen that in the defcrip tive part we can only find truth under the veil of poetical imagery. There are in Sweden 105 cities: in one of the churches of Stockholm, the body of Des Cartes was refled as it was carrying to France; and an elegant monument of this very able philoTopher preferves the memory of the event. It represents a genius foaring over the earth: with one hand it is tearing away a veil from the globe, while a torch in the other illuminates it. The port of Stockholm is vast and fecurè, but the avenues to it are dithcult. On one tide is a row of beautiful buildings commanded by the caftle; on the other, a magnificent amphitheatre of mountains, whofe tops are covered with villas and gardens. From the top of thefe mountains the city is feen in all its extent; the harbour filled with veffels, whofe mats form a thick forest; the dockyards, where the faw and the hammers conftantly refound: iflans fcattered here and there, fome of which are cultivated and inhabited, and others defart and wild: a vaft park, 5 park, repofing in diftant obfcurity, and terminating the horizon: But we must fep more hattily on. The Jews, a nation wandering over the face of the earth, always perfecuted, and never exterminated, were only admitted into Sweden in 1776. They then obtained permiffion to build fynagogues in the principal cities in the kingdom, with the applaufe of the philofopher, and the regret of the merchant.' This toleration was folemnly ratified by the diet in 1778, and afterwards confirmed by an edict of the itates. The arms of Sweden, fo diftinguished in the feventeenth century, have loft much of their luitre, becaufe, fays our author, tactics have not made a proportional progrefs in Sweden as in other countries, impeded as they were by anarchy, and circumftances which required the whole attention of administration. The best difciplined army cannot be fuccessful, when it depends on uncertain and fluctuating councils, when the commanders are inattentive, and when the zeal of party impedes the spirit of the foldier. Gustavus III, inftituted the order of Vafa, deftined only for perfons, who, in the kingdom, and for the fervice of the state, had given ftriking proofs of their knowledge in agriculture, mineralogy, arts, and commerce. The emblem was the arms of the family of Vafa, a golden wheat-fheaf tied with a golden ribband: the motto 'Gustavus II. founder.' The knights wear it hanging from the neck by a green ribband. The commanders wear it attached to a green fafh hanging from the right shoulder over the breast on the left fide. The grand croffes have alfo an octagonal filver star, embroidered on the left fide of the coat near the heart. The king is the chief, and grand master of the order; the princes of the blood are born knights. Taxes in Sweden, as in every other kingdom, increafe; but let them not fall on the poor! With this fenti ent, expanded a little too far in the prefent fafhionable style of humanity, the first volume cons cludes. The fecond volume contains twelve chapters; on population, the natural riches, cultivation, industry, commerce external and internal, finances, coin, weights and measures, public education, national characters, manners and cuftoms, language, arts and fciences, and antiquities. To the fe are fubjoined the form of government, figned by the ftates of Sweden in 1772. The pernicious confequences of emigration have been fups pofed to injure the population of Sweden, and the academy pro pofed a prize for the best methods of preventing it. The injury was, however, found to be inconfiderable. If the luxuries and gaieties of other countries, for a time feduced the Swede, he return dagain to his own home; and a few artists fixed in France and Germany; a few mili ary men in other countries, cannot be fuppofed to detract greatly from the population. Yet it does not rapidly increafe; an inclement fky, fome years of famine, females unfruitiul in a cold climate, and the men enervated by Q.૧. labour Jabour and the intoxication of brandy, all impede population. add to thefe caufes, luxury, which bursts the limits of the capital, and renders marriage lefs eafy, and the marriage-bed leis fruitful. The population of Sweden, as taken from the tables of M. Wargentin, we have already had occafion to notice: we are forry to obferve that this able philofopher is no more. We may add, however, that notwithflanding the com plaints of thefe political fpeculators, M. Wargentin has shown, that. 200,000 were added from 1772 to 1782, to the former number of inhabitans, viz. 584,261. Stockholm contains 70,000 fouls. In the diflribution of her riches, Nature has not forgotten the inhabitants of the North: the featters her favours on them in (pite of the fatal influence of a frozen climate. Lapland has its rein-deer, Sweden its vaft forests, with all their attendant advantages, and treasures collected in the bowels of the earth. The woods, the waters, the marflies, the rocks, the heaths, occupy near the half of Swedeng but the great land-owners are daily diminishing thefe obftacles to cultivation, augmenting the meadows, conquering Nature, and ultimately adding to popula tion. Grazing is the most important part of the rural economy of Sweden; but the cattle are finall, and would be more fo, if the breed had not been enlarged by the admixture of other races. They are in falls during fix months of the year. Other obstacles to agriculture are dry fprings, wet harvefts, the cold and fhade of thick marfly forefts, and the long winters, when all Nature is inactive. The canals of commerce also are sometimes obftructed, and the pcafant must be taken from his labour to conduct travellers. Scania, Oftrogothia, and Finland, are the moft fertile countries. The national troops are cantoned in the country they work with diligence in their own cabins, and are active, induftrious, and fober. The manufactures are not numerous or important; they have few raw materials, except iron; yet of late they have made fome good coarfe cloths, and fome of a finer quality; linen, fail-cloth, and paper. The Swedes now drefs fkins wish fome dexterity; and the herring-fithery, as in other places, is a fource of wealth. Timber, and more lately, the fale of fhips, has been an advantageous trade; but the principal objects of the Swede are the. minerals and ores. The internal commerce is greatly affifted by canals; but these have not been carried to the extent they would admit of is more commercial places, or fufficiently varied. Of the external commerce, the mines, the forcits, and the fea, furnish the principal objects. From 1760 to 1779, the iron entered at the different ports for exportation, amounted to 46,152,962 rix-dollars. The Swedes export annually about 150,000 dozen planks, 4550 beams, 2474 dozen of rafters, 76,000 ton of tar, 21,000 ton of pitch, 4000 ton of potash, and 160,000 ton of herrings. The profit profit on the oil of herrings (train oil) is computed at 5 or 6000 rix-dollars annually. The imports, on the contrary, are a heavy burthen on the commerce: 500,00% ton of corn, 280,000 ton of falt, with almost every article of luxury and artificial wants, must turn the balance against them. The corn and coffee, the tea, the tobacco and fugar, imported, coft annually more than a million of rix-dollars; yet our author thinks the balance of trade has been of late years in their favour; but in his ftatement there are many errors, particularly in his calculation of the balance of the trade with England. The bank of Stockholm was founded in 1657; and is on a fecure foundation; its riches, like that of Amfterdam, are little known. The universities of Sweden are well known. The li brary of that at Upfal is faid to be very valuable from the num ber and the choice of the volumes; but the greater part is on natural history. The best MS. of the Edda is faid to be contained in it. The Codex Argenteus, which is alfo preferved there, contains the tranflation of the four evangelifts, in the Mafo-Gothic, by Ulphias, in the fourth century. The method of gilding and filvering the letters is not known. The people are reprefented as grave, ferious, honeft, and hofpitable. Under their fober demeanor, they are faid to con ceal a profound judgment, acute penetration, and an able and active mind. 'There are fome cantons where the manners are truly patriarchal. What purity! what innocence! what candour! Travellers, whofe fouls are honeft and refined, go and enjoy this interefting fpectacle. It is better than the miracles of art, the monuments of luxury and pride. But make no delay. Corruption has already spread its deftructive influence; more than one trace of its fatal effects are already difcoverable; pernicious maxims, a frivolous talle, the ambition of refembling other people whofe manner of living is extolled, will infenfibly produce a revolution, painful to every patriotic fpirit.' A kind of fumptuary law prevails; and black is the ufual habit, with a border, girdles, &c. of a flame colour. On gala days their drefs is more fplendid. Their festivals are on the first of May and the feast of St. John. The inhabitants of the fouthern parts guard against heat; thofe of the north against cold; and the precautions in Sweden are nearly the fame as in Ruffia. The food of the common people is hard bread, dry or falted fish, and oatmeal: the common drink is beer, and it may be had cheap. Dinner is prece ded by a kind of collation, confifting of butter, cheese, falt provifion, and liqueurs. The women drink ftrong liquors with as little ceremony as the men. Wine is drank freely, but excef, fes are rare. The ufe of tea and coffee is daily more common, In Stockholm, every article of luxury, every mode of diffipation is common; and the manners of France it is faid, have a decided preference. At the opera, are fome original performances, but Q93 the the greater number of pieces are tranflations. Sweden feems to have no peculiar national drama. The language of Sweden is fufficiently known; and on the fubject of the fciences and the arts, our author gives a very good account of the most distinguished literati of this northern kingdom, and many remarks on Swedish literature are new and interefting. To the female authors of this country he pays a proper refpect; and remarks with strict propriety, that Swedish litera ture owes that protection to a foreig: er, Louita Ulrica, of which the partiality of Chriftina wifhed to deprive it. Of the antiquities of Sweden we know little. The antiquity of the kingdom has occafioned a violent difpute in the academy; but the chief remains are Runic infcriptions, and the rude monuments which we have ftyled Druidic, but which are evidently of a different kind. On the whole, this picture, though drawn with a partial band, is a pleafing and inftructive work. We owe much to our author for his diligence, his attention, and even his zeal; and we cannot conclude without recommending this work to the care of fome judicious tranflator of our own ifland. MONTHLY CATALOGU E. DIVINITY, &c, A Second Addrefs to the Students of Oxford and Cambridge, relating to Jefu Chrift, and the Origin of the great Errors concerning him. By The philus Lindfey, M. A. 8vo. 45. fewed. Johnson. WE have been compelled to ifmifs this controversy in a more fummary way than we could have wished or than we intended; fince numerous publications fucceeded each other fo fat, that if we had pursued even the outline of the argument in caoh, as we maft have done if we had acted impartially, it would have filled many entire Numbers of our Journal. It was not, therefore, to avoid our own labour, that we have of late confined there volumes to the Catalogue, for we should not have acted with fairness if we had not examined each publication with care, but to fave that room for real improvements, which would otherwife have been taken up with endless, we had almost faid ufelefs, controverfy. hote who are a quainted with the polemical writers of former æras will perceive many arguments repoated on eicher fde, which have been already answered; many interpretations infifted on which have been confuted. Various obfervations of this kind have been repeated by our author in this work, who almoft realizes the old hyperbolical praife, of preferring error with Dr. Priestley, to truth with any one elfe, He gain addrefies the ftudents of Oxford and Cambridge; and we almoft fimile when thefe are ftyled virtuous' and ftudious youth, |