pious schools of the Somaschi fathers, the school of the city, and many primary and secondary schools approved by the Royal University.

The lands in the territory of Genoa are not very productive, except in the immediate vicinity of the city, which produce in abundance fruits, greens, legumes, &c. Genoa communicates with the port by means of four bridges, viz: the Royal, where are seen collected the most elegant boats for pleasure excursions, and through which is introduced and shipped the oil of the state; the bridge of Mercanzia, destined for goods of all descriptions, which, from the Porto-franco, are shipped on board the vessels, or sent to the custom-house of St. Lazzaro; the bridge of the Legna, for wines and lumber; finally, that of the Spinola, for coal and bricks.

The industry of Genoa is very active, and there are a great number of skilful mechanics. The principal manufactures are silk goods, fine velvets, damasks, and stuffs of all descriptions and colors, stockings, ribbons, sewing silk, caps, handkerchiefs, cloth, paper, vermicelli, soap, cream of tartar, white lead, fustians, cambrics, muslins, playing cards, eastern caps, hats, gloves, arms, artificial flowers, &c., &c. In Genoa are worked, in a superior style, marble, alabaster, coral, gold, silver, and copper. Plain silks, velvets, and damasks formed, in the last century, the principal arti cles of Genoese industry; but those branches, though very important yet, have suffered a great deal from the high duties adopted by all nations. Only 300 looms are at present employed in the city and vicinities for the manufacture of velvets, and 250 for other stuffs, the exportation of which amounts yearly to 23,000 kilograms, and 3,400 of spun silk, which find good markets in the north of Europe, in the East, and in America. The manufacture of white, blue, and wrapping paper, pasteboard, &c., is likewise an old national industry, the principal seat of which is Voltri, and other surrounding places, where are numbered about 160 paper factories, which export every year 2,400,000 pounds, principally to Mexico, South America, Sicily, Portugal, &c., where are also exported 40,000 or 50,000 packs of playing cards. In the city and its vicinity are also 71 manufactories of vermicelli and other pastes, reported the best in Italy; of which, besides the immense consumption made in the state, 24,000,000 pounds are exported to England, France, Germany, Lombardy, Tuscany, Switzerland, Spain, the East, America, &c. The manufacture of wool has of late acquired a new impulse; the extensive manufactory of Messrs. Dealbertis, at Voltri, possesses very fine water-power machines. There are at Voltri, Pegli, &c., about twenty smaller manufactories besides; which, together with the works that come from the poor-house, supply a great part of the local consumption. The spinning wheels worked by machinery increase considerably every day in the Western River. Signori Rolla & Sons have established extensive spinning wheels at Sampierdarena, Conegliano, Voltri, &c., and the success of their enterprise has encouraged other speculators to follow their example. The spinning by hand, which is so active in Genoa, is yielding the ground to the power of machinery, and English spun cottons become scarcer every day in our market. The manufacture of stockings, caps, &c., keep employed a great number of looms in the city of Genoa, and 6,000 more for the manufacture of fustians, &c., are in full activity in Genoa and the Eastern Riviera. In the establishment of Messrs. Rolla & Sons are manufactured

magnificent stuffs of damask cotton cloth for furniture, and very tasty fancy stuffs for pantaloons, &c., English style.

The art of the confectioner has flourished in Genoa from a very remote antiquity, and her preserved fruits have no equal in the world. It is astonishing the immense quantity of confectionaries that is consumed in the state, and the large quantity which is yearly exported, principally to the north of Europe. The goldsmith trade is particularly to be admired in the truly beautiful ornaments with which the country women bedeck their persons. A large quantity of them is also shipped to America.

There are in Genoa no less than 40 dyeing establishments, an art which has always flourished in that city. Those of Messrs. Rolla & Sons rival those of France and England. The printing of chintzes is carried on to a great extent, principally in the village of Conegliano, and its produces are very much sought after both in the state and in the east. Two thousand iron bedsteads, varnished and gilded, are manufactured yearly in the city, two-thirds of which are for exportation. Genoa has always been celebrated for her coral works; but the fickleness of fashion in Europe, by diminishing the value of this pretty ornament, has dealt a fatal blow to this branch of industry. The principal markets for this article are now the East Indies and America. Another branch of industry, for which Genoa has always been justly celebrated, is that of artificial flowers. Those which are manufactured in the Conservatorio of the Fieschine are incomparable for their perfect imitation of nature. Madame Villard, and some of her pupils who keep separate establishments, are very skilful in the manufacture of fancy flowers, genre de Paris; the most part of the other establishments, about a dozen in number, manufacture common flowers of little value, which are sold for the use of churches, in the two riviere, and the cities of the east. The use of machinery has produced a great improvement in the manufacture of gloves; there are in Genoa six establishments, whose productions are in great demand in Lombardy, Parma, Piacenza, the Roman States, &c. Twelve establishments in the city manufacture snuff-boxes, vases, cups of a very thin light wood, to which is given a bright varnish, generally black, which are very much valued. In the vicinity of the city there are about 12 factories of white lead, greatly valued for its whiteness and lightness. Their yearly production is estimated at 700,000 pounds, 600,000 of which are exported, principally to the east. The soap which is prepared in about 20 manufactories, scattered between Sampierdarena and Varazzo, is excellent, owing to the good quality of the oil employed. These establishments produce enough for the consumption of the state, and export 27,000 pounds. Among the thirty manufactories of combs and other objects of ivory, those of Messrs. Degola & Pavero, which are worked by machinery, deserve particular mention, on account of the importance and beauty of their works. Nearly 1,700 females are constantly employed in working on laces, tulles, embroideries, &c., which are much admired for their beauty, and in great demand for their cheapness; they are exported to Tuscany, Spain, Portugal, and America. Here, in the vicinity of the city, are 28 tanneries, where are prepared yearly 63,000 leathers, viz: 45,000 for gloves, and 15,000 for shoemakers' use. Ship-building is carried on to a great extent in the two rivers, and all the materials are drawn from the state. Piedmont, Savona, and Albenga furnish lumber; Savoy, and the north of the Duchy, iron; Genoa, wrought copper, screws, and pulleys; Varazzo, Sestri, and Sampierdarena, cables; and Genoa and Sa

vona, sails. There are besides 3 manufactories of starch, 8 of tinder and lucifer matches, 22 of castor hats, 2 of straw hats, 19 of wax, 9 of tallow candles, 2 of sealing-wax, 2 of strong glue, 3 of red bonnets, eastern fashion, 2 of nautical instruments, 5 of musical instruments, 13 of liquors, 10 of perfumery, 12 of chemical preparations, 1 of oil-cloth, 7 of sails and flags, 3 breweries, 12 rope manufactories, 134 foundries, 2 type foundries, 13 typographies, 1 extensive powder mill, 120 cabinet makers, &c.

There are in Genoa 15 eating-houses, 400 taverns, 200 greens and legumes retailers, 40 cook and pie shops, 200 fruit stands, 42 backers, 110 retailers of wood and coal, and 50 coffee-houses; among which, though small, are to be remarked Il Gran Cairo and La Costanza. Among the large number of hotels, the most conspicuous are Le quattro Nazioni, La Villa, Londra, La croce di Malta, and Fedar.

The Porto-franco, (free port,) established by the republic in 1751, is an enclosure composed of 11 wards, containing 370 stores, more or less spacious, where are deposited the rich goods and productions of all parts of the world, and where they can remain for any length of time free of charges; then, if they are exported to foreign countries by the land route, they are not subject to any duty, but, should they be exported by sea, they must pay a duty of from 60 to 120 centimes for every kilogram, according to the quality of the goods. Those alone which are introduced for the consumption of the city and the state, are subject to duties more or less high, regulated by the tariff of the government.

The ports of the Duchy are on the east river, Camogli, Porto-fino, the Badia di Lastori, the Gulf of Rapallo, and the spacious and safe Gulf of the Spezia, where is situated a larger and more convenient plague-house than that of Bisagno, near the city. On the west river are the ports of Savona, Monaco, Porto-Maurizio, St. Remo, and the large Gulf of Vado.

The celebrated Bank of St. George, founded in 1407, is one of the oldest banks of discount and deposit in Europe. Genoa was for a long time a dangerous rival of Venice, to whom she disputed long the empire of the seas, and divided with her the trade which was carried on with Egypt and all the ports of the east and west. The rivalry which existed between these two powerful republics was the source of many bloody wars, in which Genoa distinguished herself for her superiority, and for two long centuries she obtained many advantages over Venice; till, at the end of the fourteenth century, Andrea Contarini, the Doge and general of the Venitian forces, by a stroke of lucky despair, in the celebrated battle of Chioggia, secured to his republic the rule of the seas.

The maritime commerce of Genoa suffered considerably from the vicissitudes of time. The navigation of the Atlantic rose on the ruin of that of the Mediterranean, and the vast populations to whom Genoa and Venice carried the precious productions of the eastern world, now go directly to supply themselves at the source. This was the consequence of events which no human foresight could prevent, and the Genoese are entitled to a great deal of credit, for struggling energetically against the force of unfavorable circumstances. They have succeeded by their ingenuity to create, so to say, a new world to exercise their natural genius for com

merce.

The present maritime commerce of Genoa is directed particularly to South America, Mexico, the West Indies, England, and almost every port

of Africa, Asia, and the Black Sea. The trade of Genoa with the east has of late years considerably decreased. Marseilles, Leghorn, and Trieste have now a more extensive trade with those places. One of the principal causes of the falling off of that trade is, in my opinion, the want of a convenient plague-house to purify the merchandises; that of the Varignano, though an excellent and splendid building, being too distant from the city; and that at the mouth of the Bisagno, besides its not being sufficiently large, is built on a coast exposed to every wind, which renders very uncertain the time of the landing and of the shipping of the goods, and often occasions delays injurious to captains and merchants.

The Sardinian navy is known and appreciated in every sea-19 steamboats, 4 Sardinian, 5 French, 6 Neapolitan, and 4 Tuscan, keep up active and regular communications between Marseilles, Genoa, Leghorn, Civita Vecchia, and Naples. Two more lines of steamboats were destined for the communications between Genoa, Marseilles, and the different ports of Spain; but the political troubles of this last country have suspended their operations. Three magnificent royal steamers are employed to keep up a periodical communication between Sardinia and the States of Terra Firma; three more of private concern are employed to make trips between Genoa, Nice, and Leghorn.

The Indicatore of 1846 gives for Genoa 22 banking-houses, 218 merchants having stores in Porto-franco, and several hundred other merchants, traders, mercers, &c. The Genoese merchant is shrewd, active, assiduous, economical, enterprising, and scrupulous in keeping his word. Busi ness is transacted in Porto-franco till 3 P. M., and in the little square of the banks in the afternoon till evening.

The price of goods is generally established in a nominal currency called fuori banco, and afterwards reduced in new livres of Piedmont. 100 livres fuori banco 831 new livres of Piedmont. In the shops of the city they generally sell in a currency called abusive. 100 livres abusive 80 new livres of Piedmont.

The interior trade of Genoa is principally with Piedmont, Lombardy, Switzerland, Parma, Piacenza, &c. Genoa supplies them with West India products, especially with large quantities of muscovado sugar for the refineries of Milan, cotton, indigo and other dyes, drugs, spices, oil of her two rivers, tunny of Sardinia and other salt fish, leather, pepper, fruits, &c., which she exchanges with their different manufactures, and many natural productions of Upper Italy, as Bologne hemp, Cremona flax, silks, cheese, butter, grains of Lombardy, silk, hemp, and rice of Piedmont, &c.

OFFICIAL LIST OF THE GOODS CLEARED BY THE CUSTOM-HOUSE OF GENOA, AND PASSED FROM THE COMPTROLLERY OF ST. LAZZARO IN THE YEAR 1844.

The grain trade of Genoa is very important, not only on account of the home consumption, which is principally supplied by the Island of Sardinia, by Piedmont, and Lombardy, but for the extensive depots which are there formed of the grains of the Black Sea, of the Azoff, and the Danube. This important trade is carried on by Genoese merchants on their own account, because, in consequence of the heavy differential duties established in 1825 on breadstuffs and liquors in favor of the Sardinian flag, all large shipments of grains took the direction of the near port of Leghorn. By the active commercial intercourse which our vessels keep up with South America and the West Indies, we have always abundant supplies of colonial productions and leather. Genoa is the first depot for leather in the Mediterranean; and, leaving London aside, which is at present the first mart of the world, Genoa disputes with Anvers the supremacy, above all other cities of Europe, in this branch of commerce. Every year arrive in our port several cargoes of pepper, which find always ready cash purchasers. The cotton trade is decidedly in decadence, for want of a convenient quarantine. The manufacturers of Milan, Switzerland, and Piedmont get their supplies mostly from Marseilles and Trieste. Piedmont alone uses 26,000 bales of cotton, and in the last six years the average supplied by Genoa was only 3,200. The exemptions of Nice are very injurious to the commerce of Genoa; for, in consequence of them, Turin gets from Marseilles, by way of Nice, its supplies of colonial staples and other goods. It is Marseilles, likewise, that supplies Piedmont and Switzerland with cotton, while Trieste and Venice (the former particularly) draw to themselves many orders from Lombardy.

LIST OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGN VESSELS ENTERED IN THE PORT OF GENOA FROM 1839 TO 1844.

LIST OF STEAMBOATS ENTERED IN THE PORT OF GENOA IN THE YEAR 1845.

OFFICIAL LIST OF NATIONAL VESSELS IN THE PORT OF Genoa to december 31, 1844.